Decagonal number

A decagonal number is a figurate number that extends the concept of triangular and square numbers to the decagon (a ten-sided polygon). However, unlike the triangular and square numbers, the patterns involved in the construction of decagonal numbers are not rotationally symmetrical. Specifically, the nth decagonal numbers counts the dots in a pattern of n nested decagons, all sharing a common corner, where the ith decagon in the pattern has sides made of i dots spaced one unit apart from each other. The n-th decagonal number is given by the following formula

$d_{n}=4n^{2}-3n$.

The first few decagonal numbers are:

0, 1, 10, 27, 52, 85, 126, 175, 232, 297, 370, 451, 540, 637, 742, 855, 976, 1105, 1242, 1387, 1540, 1701, 1870, 2047, 2232, 2425, 2626, 2835, 3052, 3277, 3510, 3751, 4000, 4257, 4522, 4795, 5076, 5365, 5662, 5967, 6280, 6601, 6930, 7267, 7612, 7965, 8326 (sequence A001107 in the OEIS).

The nth decagonal number can also be calculated by adding the square of n to thrice the (n−1)th pronic number or, to put it algebraically, as

$D_{n}=n^{2}+3\left(n^{2}-n\right)$.

Properties

• Decagonal numbers consistently alternate parity.
• $D_{n}$ is the sum of the first $n$ natural numbers congruent to 1 mod 8.
• $D_{n}$ is number of divisors of $48^{n-1}$.
• The only decagonal numbers that are square numbers are 0 and 1.
• The decagonal numbers follow the following recurrence relations:

$D_{n}=D_{n-1}+8n-7,D_{0}=0$

$D_{n}=2D_{n-1}-D_{n-2}+8,D_{0}=0,D_{1}=1$

$D_{n}=3D_{n-1}-3D_{n-2}+D_{n-3},D_{0}=0,D_{1}=1,D_{2}=10$