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Panarthropoda

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Panarthropoda
Temporal range: Cambrian - Recent Molecular clock and ichnofossils indicate a possible Ediacaran origin[1][2]
Panarthropods include onychophorans such as Peripatopsis and arthropods such as polydesmid millipedes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
Superphylum: Ecdysozoa
(unranked): Panarthropoda
Nielsen, 1995
Phyla

Panarthropoda is a proposed animal clade containing the extant phyla Arthropoda, Tardigrada (water bears) and Onychophora (velvet worms).[3] Panarthropods also include extinct marine legged worms known as lobopodians ("Lobopodia"), a paraphyletic group where the last common ancestor and basal members (stem-group) of each extant panarthropod phylum are thought to have risen.[4][5][6][7][8][9] However the term "Lobopodia" is sometimes expanded to include tardigrades and onychophorans as well.[5]

Common characteristics of the Panarthropoda include a segmented body, paired ladder-like ventral nervous system, and the presence of paired appendages correlated with body segments.[10][5][6][8]

Taxonomy

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Bilateria

Not all studies support the monophyly of Panarthropoda,[11] but most do, including neuroanatomical,[12] phylogenomic[10][13][14] and palaeontological[15][4][5][6] studies. At least a close relationship between onychophorans and arthropods is widely agreed upon, but the position of tardigrades is more controversial.[16] Some phylogenomic studies have found tardigrades to be more closely related to nematodes.[17][18] Traditionally, panarthropods were considered to be closely related to the annelids, grouped together as the Articulata (animals with body segments), but subsequent phylogenomic studies consistently place them closer to cycloneuralians (nematodes, nematomorphs, loriciferans, kinorhynchas & priapulids), grouped together as Ecdysozoa.[19][20][13][14] While annelids are placed among the Spiralia (making them more closely related to mollusks, flatworms and such),[20] having evolved their segmented bodies convergently.[21]

Interrelationship

[edit]
Panarthropoda

(Lobopodian taxa controversial)*

(Lobopodian taxa controversial)*

(Lobopodian taxa controversial)*

Crown-group Tardigrada

Summarized interrelationship of Panarthropoda, with focus on phylogeny between lobopodians (asterisk) and extant panarthropods (bold). Relationship between the total-group of extant panarthropods is unresolve (see text for discussion).[5][6]

There are three competing hyphotheses for the interrelationship between the extant panarthropod phyla, each known as Tactopoda (Arthropoda+Tardigrada), Antennopoda (Arthropoda+Onychophora), and the sister relationship between Onychophora and Tardigrada (Lobopodia sensu Smith & Goldstein 2017).[22]

Panarthropoda
Panarthropoda
Panarthropoda

Arthropoda

Lobopodia
sensu Smith & Goldstein 2017

Tactopoda had been supported by mitochondrial gene arrangements,[23] palaeontological[24][4] and neuroanatomical evidences, specifically the presence of segmented ganglia shared by arthropods and tardigrades.[25] Antennopodia united by the presence of specialized head appendages and deutocerebrum (additional second section of the brain), but subsequent anatomical studies suggest these features were convergently evolved between onychophoran and arthropod lineages.[15][26] Onychophorans and tardigrades shared some lobopodian traits (e.g. soft cuticle, lobopodous appendages and peripheral nerve roots), but these were generally considered to be plesiomorphies traced back to the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda or Ecdysozoa.[4][5][27][6] While most phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Panarthropoda, the results of interrelationship between the three phyla are less correlated - some of them inconsistently placing Tardigrada within Arthropoda,[10] while the others mostly recovering either Antennopoda or Onychophora+Tardigrada.[10][13][14]

  • Anatomy of onychophoran anterior region, showing specialized appendages (ant, md) and deutocerebrum (D).
    Anatomy of onychophoran anterior region, showing specialized appendages (ant, md) and deutocerebrum (D).
  • Nervous system of a tardigrade, showing ventral nerve cord with segmented ganglia (ga1-4).
    Nervous system of a tardigrade, showing ventral nerve cord with segmented ganglia (ga1-4).
  • Nervous system of a remipede arthropod, showing the presence of both deutocerebrum (dc) and ventral nerve cord (vnc) organized by segmented ganglia.
    Nervous system of a remipede arthropod, showing the presence of both deutocerebrum (dc) and ventral nerve cord (vnc) organized by segmented ganglia.

Within extinct lobopodians, at least Antennacanthopodia are widely accepted as part of the onychophoran stem-group.[28][4][29][30][31][27][32][33][6][34][35][excessive citations] On the other hand, siberiids (Siberion, Megadictyon and Jianshanopodia) and gilled lobopodians (Pambdelurion and Kerygmachela) represent transitional forms between typical lobopodians and basal arthropods (e.g. Opabinia and Radiodonta).[28][4][29][30][31][27][32][5][6][33][34][7][8][35][36][9][excessive citations] The positions of most other lobopodians (e.g. Hallucigenia and luolishaniids as stem onychophorans[4][29][30][31][27][32][35][excessive citations] or stem panarthropods[33][34][36]), including the lobopodian members of tardigrade stem-group (represented by Onychodictyon ferox[4][29][30][31][27][32][35][excessive citations] or Aysheaia[33][34][36]) are more controversial.

Main article: Lobopodia § Phylogeny

Sialomorpha, a genus of microinvertebrate discovered in Dominican amber in 2019, is also considered to be a panarthropod. However, due to the unusual combination of tardigrade and mite-like characteristics, its exact placement is uncertain.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Daley, Allison C.; Pisani, Davide (March 2013). "Molecular Timetrees Reveal a Cambrian Colonization of Land and a New Scenario for Ecdysozoan Evolution". Current Biology. 23 (5): 392–398. Bibcode:2013CBio...23..392R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.026. PMID 23375891.
  2. ^ Chen, Zhe; Chen, Xiang; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (6 June 2018). "Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages". Science Advances. 4 (6): eaao6691. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.6691C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao6691. hdl:10919/84444. PMC 5990303. PMID 29881773.
  3. ^ Telford, M. J (27 April 2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1529–1537. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.
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