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Jackson State University

Coordinates: 32°17′46″N 090°12′28″W / 32.29611°N 90.20778°W / 32.29611; -90.20778
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This article is about the historically black university. For the railway station also known as Jackson/State, see Jackson station (CTA Red Line).
"Jackson State" redirects here. Not to be confused with Jacksonville State University or Jacksonville University.
Jackson State University
Former name
Natchez Seminary
(1877–1883)
Jackson College
(1883–1940)
Mississippi Negro Training School
(1940–1944)
Jackson College for Negro Teachers
(1944–1967)
Jackson State College
(1967–1974)
MottoExcellentia academia investigatio et officium (Latin)
Motto in English
"Academic excellence in research and service"
TypePublic historically black research university
EstablishedOctober 23, 1877; 147 years ago (1877-10-23)
Parent institution
Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning[1]
AccreditationSACS
Academic affiliations
Endowment$60 million (2019)[2]
PresidentMarcus L. Thompson [3]
Academic staff
337 full time, 212 part time (fall 2022)[4]
Administrative staff
687 (fall 2020) [5]
Students6,564 (fall 2023)[6]
Undergraduates4,769 (fall 2023)[7]
Postgraduates1,795 (fall 2023)[7]
Location
Jackson
,
Mississippi
,
United States

32°17′46″N 090°12′28″W / 32.29611°N 90.20778°W / 32.29611; -90.20778
CampusMidsize city[8], 220 acres (0.89 km2)
NewspaperThe Blue & White Flash[9]
ColorsNavy blue and white[10]
   
NicknameTigers
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FCS – SWAC
MascotBengal Tiger
Websitejsums.edu

Jackson State University (Jackson State or JSU) is a public historically black research university in Jackson, Mississippi. It is one of the largest HBCUs in the United States and the fourth largest university in Mississippi in terms of student enrollment. The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Jackson State University's athletic teams, the Tigers, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). Jackson State is also the home of the Sonic Boom of the South, a marching band founded in the 1940s. Their accompanying danceline, the Prancing J-Settes, are well known for their unique style of dance, known as J-Setting.

History

[edit]
Jackson College in 1889

Jackson State University developed from Natchez Seminary, founded October 23, 1877, in Natchez, Mississippi. The seminary was affiliated with the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York, who established it "for the moral, religious, and intellectual improvement of Christian leaders of the colored people of Mississippi and the neighboring states".[11][12] In 1883, the school changed its name to Jackson College and moved from Natchez to a site in Jackson, the capital. Today that site serves as the campus of Millsaps College.[13]

Jackson College moved to its current location early in the 20th century, where it developed into a full state university.[13]

In 1934, during the Great Depression, The Baptist Society withdrew financial support. The school became a state-supported public institution in 1940, known as the Mississippi Negro Training School. The name has since been changed to express development: Jackson College for Negro Teachers (1944). After desegregation, Jackson State College (1967); with the addition of graduate programs and expanded curriculum, Jackson State University (1974).[14]

Many students at Jackson State College became active in the civil rights movement. Work to gain integrated practice and social justice continued after civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s. During an on-campus protest on May 14, 1970, two students were killed by police gunfire.[15] An additional 12 students were injured by gunfire during the clash.[16] A dormitory still bears the bullet marks fired on that day.

The university drew national attention in 2023 when the faculty senate voted "no confidence" in university president Thomas Hudson. They alleged that he "repeatedly failed to respect shared governance, transparency, and accountability".[17] Shortly thereafter, the university's board of trustees placed Hudson on administrative leave and appointed Elayne Hayes-Anthony the acting president.[18]

Campuses

[edit]
Ayer Hall on main campus

The main campus contains over 50 academic and administrative buildings on 245 acres (0.99 km2). It is located at 1400 John R. Lynch Street between Prentiss and Dalton Streets.

Ayer Hall was constructed in 1903 and is the oldest structure on the main campus. It was named in honor of the first president of the institution, Charles Ayer. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Gibbs-Green Pedestrian Walkway was named in honor of the two young men who died in the Jackson State shooting in 1970. As a result of the landmark "Ayers Settlement" in 2002, the university, along with the other two public HBCUs in the state, has completed extensive renovations and upgrades to campus.[19]

Jackson State has satellite campuses throughout the Jackson Metropolitan area:

  • Universities Center (Ridgewood Road)
  • Jackson Medical Mall (Woodrow Wilson)
  • Mississippi E-Center
  • Downtown (100 Capitol Street)

Organization and administration

[edit]

Governance

[edit]

The board of trustees is the constitutional governing body of the Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning.[20] This body appoints the president of the university. There are 575 faculty and 1,431 staff; 54% of the faculty are tenured, teaching approximately 7,000 undergraduate and graduate students.[21]

Presidents

[edit]
  1. 1877–1894: Charles Ayer
  2. 1894–1911: Luther G. Barrett
  3. 1911–1927: Zachary T. Hubert
  4. 1927–1940: Buddy Baldwin Dansby
  5. 1940–1967: Jacob L. Reddix
  6. 1967–1984: John A. Peoples Jr.
  7. 1984–1991: James A. Hefner
  8. 1992–1999: James E. Lyons Sr.
  9. 2000–2010: Ronald Mason Jr.[22]
  10. 2010: Leslie Burl McLemore (interim)[22]
  11. 2011–2016: Carolyn Meyers[22]
  12. 2016–2017: Rod Paige (interim)[22]
  13. 2017–2020: William B. Bynum[23][24]
  14. 2020–2023: Thomas Hudson[22][25]
  15. 2023: Elayne Hayes–Anthony (acting)
  16. 2023–present: Marcus L. Thompson[26]

Academics

[edit]
Academic rankings
National
U.S. News & World Report[27]395 (tie) of 395
Washington Monthly[28]148 of 442

JSU colleges and schools include:

  • College of Business
  • College of Education and Human Development
  • College of Liberal Arts
  • College of Health Sciences
  • College of Science, Engineering and Technology
  • W.E.B. Du Bois – Maria Luisa Alvarez Harvey Honors College
  • School of Public Health
  • School of Lifelong Learning

Teaching and learning

[edit]

In 2015, JSU became the first university in Mississippi approved by the legislature to establish a School of Public Health which is housed under the College of Health Sciences.[29][30] JSU is the only university in Mississippi to earn two consecutive "Apple Distinguished School" distinctions from Apple Inc.[31] Since 2012, Jackson State University has provided all first-time, full-time freshmen brand new iPads.[32] JSU is the first and only HBCU in Mississippi to support a bachelor's and master's level engineering program.[33] The W.E.B. Du Bois – Maria Luisa Alvarez Harvey Honors College is a selective interdisciplinary college at the university for the most high-achieving undergraduate students.[34]

Academic centers

[edit]
  • The Margaret Walker Center is dedicated to the preservation, interpretation, and dissemination of African American culture
  • The COFO Civil Rights Education Center focuses on civil rights and developing future leaders
  • The Richard Wright Center was established to help students improve their writing and presentation skills

Military science

[edit]

Tiger Battalion, the university's Army ROTC program is the host US Army ROTC program for Belhaven University, Delta State University, Hinds Community College, Millsaps College, Mississippi College, Mississippi College School of Law, Mississippi Valley State University, Tougaloo College, and University of Mississippi Medical Center's School of Nursing. Air Force Detachment 006 is the Air Force ROTC Component for the Jackson metropolitan area. Hosted at Jackson State, it also serves students from Belhaven University, Millsaps College, Mississippi College and Tougaloo College.

Athletics

[edit]
Main article: Jackson State Tigers

Jackson State is a member of the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and the Southwestern Athletic Conference. Currently, JSU fields teams in basketball, track and field, cross country, baseball, softball, golf, tennis, soccer, bowling, volleyball, and football. The university's mascot is the Tiger, and the teams are sometimes referred to as the "Blue Bengals".

Official athletics logo

The JSU Tigers football team alumni includes Pro Football Hall of Famers Lem Barney, Jackie Slater, Walter Payton, Robert Brazile, and Jimmy Smith.

JSU participates in a number of notable football games with rival colleges. These include:

The Sonic Boom of the South at halftime in Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium

Sonic Boom of the South

[edit]
Main article: Sonic Boom of the South

The marching band began in the 1940s at what was then Jackson State College, under the directorship of Frederick D. Hall, who had directed a band at the college as early as the 1920s, in addition to the chorus and orchestra. It was initially made up of students from Jackson College and Lanier High School.[38] Founded as the Jackson State University Marching Band, the name "Sonic Boom of the South" was adopted by the school in 1971, after having been suggested by band members.[38] The first full-time band director, William W. Davis, was appointed in 1948, replacing Charles Saulsburg, who had been director since 1947.[38] Davis had previously played trumpet in Cab Calloway's band, and Calloway's musical style and showmanship influenced Davis's conceptualization of the marching band.[38] The band at this time had around 20 members, increasing to 88 in 1963.[39] Davis retired as director in 1971, but remained the chief arranger for the band.[38] He was replaced by Harold J. Haughton.[38] Haughton was instrumental in the creation of the Prancing J-Settes, the band's accompanying danceline.

Student life

[edit]

Student body

[edit]

In fall 2022, Jackson State's total enrollment was 6,906, of which 4,927 were undergraduate students and 1,979 were graduate.[40]

As of fall 2020, 67% of Jackson State's student community were Mississippi residents, with the majority from Hinds County and Madison County. The top three feeder states were Illinois (409 students), Louisiana (269), and Georgia (220). Nigeria accounted for the highest number of international students on campus. 91% of students identified as Black, 6% identified as white, and 4% identified with various race categories. 31% of students were male, and 69% of students were female.[41]

Student organizations

[edit]
Entrance of JSU's Gibbs-Green Memorial Plaza

Jackson State University offers over 60 registered student organizations. There are academic, residential, religious, Greek, and special interest groups.[42] All student organizations are governed under the Student Affairs division.

Campus media

[edit]

Jackson State is home to radio station WJSU-88.5 FM which plays jazz, gospel, news, and public affairs programming. The television station W23BC is known as JSUTV and aired on Comcast. The independent weekly student newspaper is called Blue and White Flash[43] and the Jacksonian magazine features news and highlights about the university.

Notable alumni

[edit]

Education

[edit]
Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Charlotte P. Morris 1970 Interim president of Tuskegee University (2010; 2017–2018) [44]
Rod Paige 1955 First African-American to serve as Secretary of Education during President George W. Bush administration (2001–2005), former head football coach at Jackson State (1964–1968), and interim president of JSU (2016–2017) [45]
Mary L. Smith 1957 11th president of Kentucky State University (1991–1998) [46]

Arts, entertainment, and music

[edit]
Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Derrick Barnes 1999 Children's literature and illustrator [47]
Vivian Brown 1986 Television meteorologist [48]
Tobias Dorzon Chef, television personality, restaurateur, and former professional football player [49]
Percy Greene Founding editor of the Jackson Advocate newspaper, Mississippi's oldest black-owned newspaper [50]
Lester Julian Merriweather 2000 Memphis-based visual artist, collagist [51]
Demarco Morgan 2001 News anchor for KCBS-TV in Los Angeles [52]
Willie Norwood Gospel singer, father and voice coach of R&B singers Brandy and Ray J [53]
Sekou Smith 1997 Sportswriter, reported on the NBA [54]
Tonea Stewart 1969 Actress and educator [55]
Cassandra Wilson 1980 Jazz vocalist and musician [56]

Politics, law, and government

[edit]
Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Felicia C. Adams 1981 United States Attorney for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi 2011–2017 [57]
Arekia Bennett Voting rights activist, executive director of Mississippi Votes [58]
Cornell William Brooks 1983 Yale-trained lawyer, 18th president and CEO of the NAACP
Emmett C. Burns, Jr. Member of the Maryland House of Delegates from the 10th district
Laphonza Butler 2001 United States Senator from California (2023–present)
Robert G. Clark, Jr. 1952 Politician; elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1967; first African American elected to the Mississippi State Legislature since the Reconstruction era [59]
Dennis Deer 2nd district Cook County Commissioner [60]
Carlton W. Reeves 1986 Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi
Bennie G. Thompson 1973 Member U. S. House of Representatives (1993–present)
Tony Yarber 2004 Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi [61]

Sports

[edit]
Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Shasta Averyhardt 2008 Professional golfer, first African-American woman to qualify for the LPGA Tour since 2001, and its fourth African-American woman member in the 60-year history of the tour [62]
Lem Barney Pro Football Hall of Fame member, cornerback with the Detroit Lions
Marcus Benard 2009 Former NFL linebacker
Dennis "Oil Can" Boyd Former Major League Baseball pitcher
Robert Braddy Jackson State Tigers baseball player and coach [63]
Corey Bradford Former National Football League wide receiver
Robert Brazile Pro Football Hall of Fame member, 7-time NFL Pro Bowl outside linebacker with the Houston Oilers [64]
Wes Chamberlain Former Major Leaguer outfielder
Dave Clark Former Major League outfielder
Darion Conner American football player convicted of vehicular homicide
Archie "Gunslinger" Cooley 1962 Former head football coach at Mississippi Valley State University, University of Arkansas–Pine Bluff, Norfolk State University, and Paul Quinn College
Leslie "Speedy" Duncan Former 4-time NFL Pro-Bowl cornerback with the San Diego Chargers and Washington Redskins
Marvin Freeman Former Major League pitcher
Cletis Gordon Former NFL defensive back
Roy Hilton 1965 Former NFL defensive end [65]
Lindsey Hunter Former NBA point guard. Won the 2001–02 championship with the Los Angeles Lakers and the 2003–04 championship with the Detroit Pistons; formerly interim heach coach of the Phoenix Suns
Harold Jackson Former Jackson State head Ffotball coach; former NFL wide receiver; played majority career with the Los Angeles Rams and New England Patriots
Claudis James Former NFL player
Jaymar Johnson 2008 Current NFL wide receiver
Trey Johnson Current NBA/NBA Development League player
Robert Kent Jackson State and professional quarterback
Ed Manning Drafted by the Baltimore Bullets in the eighth round (1st pick, 80th overall) of the 1967 NBA draft, father of Danny Manning
Picasso Nelson Gridiron football player
Audie Norris Former NBA Power forward and superstar for Winterthur FC Barcelona in the late 1980s
Eddie Payton 1973 NFL kick returner; current Jackson State golf coach
Walter Payton 1975 Pro Football Hall of Fame member; played entire career as running back for the Chicago Bears
Donald Reese NFL Player; played for the Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints and the San Diego Chargers [66]
Purvis Short Former NBA small forward for the Golden State Warriors in the mid-1980s
Jackie Slater Pro Football Hall of Fame member; played entire career as offensive tackle with the Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
Jimmy Smith Retired NFL wide receiver; played majority career with the Jacksonville Jaguars [67]
Karen Taylor Played professionally in Europe, mother of Stanley Johnson [68]
Michael Tinsley 2006 Track & field sprinter [69]
Rickey Young 1975 Retired NFL running back with the San Diego Chargers and Minnesota Vikings


Honorary

[edit]
Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Michelle Obama 2016 First African-American to serve as First Lady of the United States; received an honorary doctorate from Jackson State University, where she served as the keynote speaker for its 2016 spring undergraduate commencement ceremony [70]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mississippi Public Universities - Institutions of Higher Learning - Frequently Asked Questions". www.mississippi.edu.
  2. ^ "JSU Audits | JSU Development Foundation". Jsums.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  3. ^ Thomas, Alonda (November 16, 2023). "Board of Trustees names Dr. Marcus L. Thompson as President of Jackson State University".
  4. ^ "College Navigator - Jackson State University". nces.ed.gov.
  5. ^ https://www.jsums.edu/institutionalresearch/files/2021/01/Fall-2020_4.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ "Institutional Research, Planning, and Effectiveness - Institutional Research | Jackson State University". www.jsums.edu.
  7. ^ a b "Institutional Research, Planning, and Effectiveness - Institutional Research | Jackson State University". www.jsums.edu.
  8. ^ "College Navigator - Jackson State University". nces.ed.gov.
  9. ^ "The Blue & White Flash | JSU's Official Student Newspaper". Archived from the original on 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  10. ^ "JSU Color Scheme | Style Guide". Jsums.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  11. ^ "Jackson State University | Unite Pre-Engineering Summer Program | JSU History". www.jsums.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  12. ^ "Jackson State University (1877- ) • BlackPast". BlackPast. 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  13. ^ a b Kendrick, Eva Walton. "Jackson State University". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  14. ^ "JSU History". Jackson State University. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  15. ^ Wyckoff, Whitney Blair (3 May 2010). "Jackson State: A Tragedy Widely Forgotten". npr.org. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  16. ^ Roy Reed (May 16, 1970). "F.B.I. Investigating Killing Of 2 Negroes in Jackson: Two Negro Students Are Killed In Clash With Police in Jackson". The New York Times. p. 1. ProQuest 80023683.
  17. ^ Kyaw, Arrman (January 30, 2023). "Jackson State University Faculty Senate Voted No Confidence in JSU President Thomas Hudson". Diverse Issues in Higher Education. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  18. ^ Reily, Ross (March 2, 2023). "JSU president Hudson placed on administrative leave by IHL. Here is what we know". Clarion Ledger. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  19. ^ cmaadmin (20 December 2015). "Jackson State Raises Non-Black Enrollment, Gains Control of Endowment".
  20. ^ "Mississippi Public Universities – The Board of Trustees -". www.mississippi.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  21. ^ "2017–18 Facts and Figures" (PDF).
  22. ^ a b c d e "Jackson State University has had 7 presidents since 2010. Here is a look at them". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  23. ^ Vicory, Justin. "Jackson State University president resigns after arrest in prostitution sting". www.msn.com. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
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  25. ^ Jaschik, Scott (2023-03-06). "Jackson State U President Placed on Leave". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  26. ^ Thomas, Alonda (2023-11-16). "Board of Trustees names Dr. Marcus L. Thompson as President of Jackson State University". JSU Newsroom. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  27. ^ "2024-2025 Best National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  28. ^ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  29. ^ "JSU to Create the 1st School of Public Health in Mississippi". Hbculifestyle.com. 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  30. ^ "Homepage".
  31. ^ "JSU blossoms again as Apple Distinguished School for 2015–2017 | Jackson State Newsroom". Jsumsnews.com. 2015-12-18. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  32. ^ "JSU continues to promote innovation in education with iPad Initiative – Jackson State Newsroom". www.jsumsnews.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  33. ^ "Best Historically Black Engineering Colleges". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13.
  34. ^ "W.E.B. Du Bois Honors College – Jackson State University". jsums.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  35. ^ "Record Jackson State homecoming crowd sees win over ASU". 16 October 2021.
  36. ^ "JSU has record crowd for Homecoming game". 17 October 2021.
  37. ^ "Jackson State football pulls away from Alcorn State 24-10 in first sellout of Deion Sanders era".
  38. ^ a b c d e f "A Brief History and Chronology of the 'Sonic Boom'". Sonic Boom of the South. Jackson State University. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017.
  39. ^ Grant, Richard (January 2017). "March to the Joyous Raucous Beat of the Sonic Boom of the South". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  40. ^ "College Navigator - Jackson State University". nces.ed.gov.
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  42. ^ "Student Organizations | Student Affairs". Jsums.edu. 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
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  44. ^ "Leadership Change at Tuskegee University". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  45. ^ "College Board names Rod Paige interim JSU president". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  46. ^ "Smith, ex-Kentucky State President, dies". The Park City Daily News. December 1, 2020. p. 3. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  47. ^ "Derrick Barnes, Award-Winning Children's Author, to Visit the Appalachian State University Academy at Middle Fork on Wednesday, March 20". Derrick Barnes, Award-Winning Children’s Author, to Visit the Appalachian State University Academy at Middle Fork on Wednesday, March 20. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  48. ^ "Ask AP: Vivian Brown". American Profile. 2010-12-30. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  49. ^ "Four former Lackawanna College Falcons sign NFL contracts". The Times Leader. 2010-05-02. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  50. ^ Speer, Lisa K. (July 11, 2017). "Greene, Percy". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Center for Study of Southern Culture. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
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  52. ^ staff (January 12, 2006). "Channel 12's Demarco Morgan named 'Leader of the Future' by Ebony". OnMilwaukee.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16.
  53. ^ Hayes, Liz. "Music Lasts Forever". Jackson Free Press. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  54. ^ "NBA analyst Sekou Smith dies due to COVID-19". ESPN. 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  55. ^ McCann, Bob (2009-12-21). Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television. McFarland. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7864-5804-2.
  56. ^ Jones, Charisse (1994-09-29). "In The Studio With: Cassandra Wilson; Singing a Song of the South". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  57. ^ "Meet the U.S. Attorney". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2017-04-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  58. ^ Tisdale, DeAnna (October 1, 2020). "MS Votes: The next generation of freedom fighters are here". Jackson Advocate. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  59. ^ Adderton, Donald (March 13, 2004). "Clark helped move state beyond prejudice". Columbian-Progress. p. 4.
  60. ^ "About Commissioner Dennis Deer". Cook County Government. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  61. ^ "Office of the Mayor". City of Jackson, Mississippi.
  62. ^ "Black America Web". Black America Web.
  63. ^ Flynn, Bryan. "Bob Braddy". Jackson Free Press.
  64. ^ "Robert Lorenzo Brazile". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  65. ^ Joe Marcin and Mike Douchant (eds.), Football Register 1974. St. Louis: The Sporting News, 1974, p. 145.
  66. ^ "Donald Francis Reese". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  67. ^ "Jimmy Lee Smith". Pro-Football-Reference.Com. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  68. ^ Bruce Pascoe (7 November 2013). "Johnson fulfills mom's hoops wishes". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  69. ^ "MICHAEL TINSLEY". Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  70. ^ "Woman arrested for 1999 murder of Sheridan man". Casper Star-Tribune. June 7, 2005.
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