List of alternative names for European rivers

All or almost all rivers in Europe have alternative names in different languages. Some rivers have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article provides known alternative names for all major European rivers. It also includes alternative names of some lesser rivers that are important because of their location or history.

This article does not offer any opinion about what the "original", "official", "real", or "correct" name of any river is or was. Rivers are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. The English version is followed by variants in other languages, in alphabetical order by name, and then by any historical variants and former names.

Foreign names that are the same as their English equivalents may be listed, to provide an answer to the question "What is that name in...?".

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A

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Aa	51°00′21″N 2°06′16″E / 51.005833°N 2.104444°E / 51.005833; 2.104444 (Aa)	Aa (Dutch, French, West Flemish), Abbe (Picard), Agnio (Latin)
Aare	47°36′21″N 8°13′24″E / 47.6057°N 8.2234°E / 47.6057; 8.2234 (Aare)	Aar (French, Italian), Aara (Romansh, Czech), Aare (Alemannish, German), Abrinca, Arola or Arula (Latin)
Achelous	38°19′53″N 21°06′05″E / 38.331389°N 21.101389°E / 38.331389; 21.101389 (Achelous)	Achelôios - Ἀχελῷος (ancient Greek), Achelóos - Αχελώος (modern Greek), Acheloos (German, alternative English), Acheloös (Dutch), Achéloos or Achéloüs (French), Achelous (Latin), Aheloos (Romanian), Aqueloo (Spanish form in mythology), Aspropotamo (Italian), Aspropotamos - Ασπροπόταμος (medieval Greek), Aspropótamos (Spanish), Axenus, Thestiu, and Thoas (possible earlier ancient Greek names)
Acheron	39°14′10″N 20°28′34″E / 39.236111°N 20.476111°E / 39.236111; 20.476111 (Acheron)	Acheron (Latin, German, Turkish), Acherōn - Ἀχέρων or Acherousios - Ἀχερούσιος (Ancient Greek), Achéron (French), Acherontas - Αχέροντας (modern Greek), Acheronte (Italian), Aheron (Romanian), Aheront (Croatian), Aqueront (Catalan), Aqueronte or Aquerón (Spanish), Gliqi or Frar (Albanian)
Adda	45°08′04″N 9°52′54″E / 45.134444°N 9.881667°E / 45.134444; 9.881667 (Adda)	Abdua and Abadua (Latin variants), Ada (Lombard, Venetian), Adda (Italian), Addua (Latin)
Adige	45°08′59″N 12°19′13″E / 45.149722°N 12.320278°E / 45.149722; 12.320278 (Adige)	Ades (Dolomitic Ladin), Àdexe (Venetian), Adige (Italian, French), Adigio (Spanish), Adis (Lombard), Adiža (Slovene), Adiže (Czech), Adyga (Polish), Athesis (Latin), Athyses - Αθυσης (Ancient Greek), Égg’ (Emiliano-Romagnolo), Etsch (German)
Adour	43°31′46″N 1°31′25″E / 43.529444°N 1.523611°E / 43.529444; 1.523611 (Adour)	Ador (Occitan), Adour (French, German, Italian), Adur (Spanish), Aturri (Basque)
Ain	45°47′45″N 5°10′10″E / 45.795833°N 5.169444°E / 45.795833; 5.169444 (Ain)	Addua, Danus, Idanus, Indus or Igneus (Neo-Latin), Ain (French), Hinnis (Old French)
Aire	53°43′38″N 0°54′24″W / 53.7272°N 0.9067°W / 53.7272; -0.9067 (Aire)	Arus (Neo-Latin; 17th-century), Eyr and Eir (Middle English; 12th century), ðarcy and Yr (Anglo-Saxon; 10th century)
Aisne	49°26′01″N 2°50′49″E / 49.433611°N 2.846944°E / 49.433611; 2.846944 (Aisne)	Ainne (Picard), Aisne (French), Axona (Latin)
Akhurian	40°07′53″N 43°38′54″E / 40.1315°N 43.6484°E / 40.1315; 43.6484 (Akhurian)	Achurjan (German), Akhourian (French), Akhurean - Ախուրեան (Classical Armenian), Akhuryan - Ախուրյան (Armenian), Akhuryan - Ахурян or Arpachay Арпачай (Russian), Arpaçay (Turkish), ارپه چاى (Ottoman Turkish)
Alatyr	54°47′31″N 45°06′50″E / 54.792°N 45.114°E / 54.792; 45.114 (Alatyr)	Alatyr - Алатырь (Russian), Rator - Ратор (Erzya and Mocksha Mordvin), Ulatăr - Улатӑр (Chuvash)
Alazani		Alaz - Алаз (Chechen), Alazan - Ալազան (Armenian), Alazan - Алазан (Avaric), Alazani - ალაზანი (Georgian), Alazani - Алаза́ни (Russian), Dur - Дур (Tsakhur), Qanıx (Azerbaijani)
Albula		Albula (German), Alvra (Romansh)
Alfeios		Alfeo (Italian, Spanish), Alfios (German), Alphée (French), Alpheiós - Ἀλφειός (ancient Greek), Alpheus (Latin), Alphiós - Αλφειός (modern Greek), Rouphiás - Ρουφιάς (alternative Greek name)
Aller		Alera, Elera and Alara (Old Saxon/Neo-Latin; 8th-11th century), Aller (German)
Allier		Aleî (Auvergnat dialect of Occitan), Alèir (Occitan), Alier (Catalan), Allier (French), Elaver (Latin)
Altaelva		Alattionjoki (Finnish, Kven), Altaälven (Swedish), Altaelv (German), Altaelva (Norwegian), Álttáeatnu (Northern Sami)
Altmühl		Alcmona and Alcmana (8th-9th century), Altmühl (German)
Alzette		Alisontia (Latin), Alzette (French), Alzig and Elze (German, old), Uelzecht (Luxembourgish)
Amblève		Ambleve (Walloon), Amblève (French), Amel (German)
Amper		Amber (Latin), Ammer (German; upstream river), Amper (German; downstream river)
Amstel		Aem or Aeme (Old Frisian), Aemstel (Middle Dutch; 12th-13th century), Amstel (Dutch)
Angrapa		Angerapp (German), Angrapa - Анграпа (Russian), Angrapė (Lithuanian), Węgorapa (Polish)
Aniene		Anien, Anio or Tibero (Latin), Aniene or Teverone (Italian)
Aoös		Aias/Aoös - Αίας/Αώος (modern Greek), Aōos - Αώος (Ancient Greek), Aous (Latin), Băiasa (Aromanian), Vjosa or Vjosë (Albanian), Vjosa (French, German), Voiussa (Italian), Vojuša - Војуша (Macedonian, Serbian), Vovousa - Βοβούσα (modern Greek alternative)
Arachthos		Arachthos (French, German, Italian, Spanish), Árakhthos - Άραχθος (Greek), Narta (Albanian)
Aragón		Aragó (Catalan), Aragoi (Basque), Aragon (French, Occitan), Aragón (Aragonese, Spanish), Aragonius (Latin)
Aras		Arakhsi - არაქსი (Georgian), Araks - Արաքս (Armenian), Araks - Аракс (Russian), Aras (Turkish, German, Italian, Spanish), Aras - ارس (Persian), Araxe (French), Araxes (Latin, English variant), Araxes - Αράξης (ancient Greek), Araz (Azerbaijani), Erez (Kurdish), Rakhsi - რახსი (Old Georgian), Yeraskh - Երասխ (Classical Armenian)
Arda		Arda - Арда (Bulgarian), Arda (Turkish), Árdas - Άρδας (Modern Greek), Arpisos - Άρπησσος (Ancient Greek), Artiscus (Latin)
Ardèche		Ardecha (Occitan), Ardèche (French), Hentica? (AD 950)
Argens		Argenç (Occitan), Argens (French), Argenteus(Latin)
Argeș		Ardzhesh - Арджеш (Bulgarian), Argeș (Romanian), Argisch (German), Argyas (Hungarian), Ordessos and Argessus (Latin)
Ariège		Arièja (Occitan), Arieja (Catalan), Ariège (French), Aurigera(Latin)
Arieș		Aranyos (Hungarian), Arieș (Romanian), Goldfluss (German, rare)
Arno		Arno (Italian), Arnu (Sicilian), Arnus (Latin)
Arroux		Arotius, Isrus, Hesrus or Adrus (Latin), Arroux (French)
Aterno		Aterno (Italian; upstream part), Aternos - Άτερνος (Ancient Greek), Aternus and Piscarius (Latin), Pescara (Italian; downstream part)
Arve		Arva (Latin), Arve (French)
Aube		Alba and Albis (Latin; 8th-9th century), Aube (French)
Aude		Atax (Latin), Aude (French, Catalan, Occitan),
Aulne		Alaunus (Latin), Aon (Breton, Welsh), Aulne (French)
Authie		Alteia (Latin), Authie (French), Eutie (Picard), Otie (Dutch)
Aveyron		Avairon (Occitan), Avario and Veronius (Latin), Aveyron (French)
Avon		Auvona (Latin), Bristol Avon(English variant)

B

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Bacchiglione		Bacajon (Venetian), Bacchiglione (Italian), Medoacus Minor (Latin)
Baïse		Baïsa (Occitan), Baïse (French), Banisia (Neo-Latin; 13th century), Vanesia (Latin; 4th century)
Bann		Bann Wattèr (Ulster-Scots), Bhanna (Irish)
Barrow		Berua or Birgus (Latin), Bhearú (Irish)
Basento		Basento (Italian), Casuentus (Latin)
Bega		Bega (Romanian, German), Béga (Hungarian), Begej - Бегеј (Serbian, Bosnian)
Belaya (Kama)		Ağídel - Агыйдел (Tatar), Ağiźel - Ағиҙел (Bashkir), Aqedil - Ақеділ (Kazakh), Asho - Ашо (Erzya), Belaïa or Aguidel (French), Belaja (Dutch, German, Italian), Belaya - Бе́лая (Russian), Bélaya or Aghidhel (Spanish), Bila - Біла (Ukrainian), Osh Viche - Ош Виче (Mari), Töd’y Kam - Тӧдьы Кам (Udmur), Šur Atăl - Шур Атӑл (Chuvash)
Berezina		Berezina - Березина (Russian, Ukrainian), Berezina (Czech, Lithuanian), Berezyna (Polish), Bjaresina (German), Byarezina - Бярэ́зіна (Belarusian)
Berkel		Bekke (Achterhooks), Bercle, Bercla and Berclo (14th century), Berkel (Dutch, German, Low Saxon)
Berounka^[1]		Beraun (German), Berounka (Czech), Mies (German; upstream, formerly entire river), Mže (Czech; upstream, formerly entire river), Plzenská reka, Radbuza, Watta (former Czech names)
Bîc		Bîc or Bâc (Romanian), Bik or Bic (German), Byk - Бик (Ukrainian), Byk - Бык (Russian)
Biebrza		Bebras (Lithuanian), Biebrza (Polish), Bober (German variant), Бобра - Bobra (former? Belarusian, Ukrainian), Byebzha - Бебжа (Belarusian)
Biferno		Biferno (Italian), Tifernus or Phiternus (Latin)
Birs		Birs (Alemannisch, German), Birsa (Italian, Latin), Birse (French)
Bistrica [fr; sr]		Bistrica (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian), Clear water (English)
Bistrița		Beszterce (Hungarian), Bistrița (Romanian), Bistritz (German), Nösen (archaic German)
Blackwater (Munster)		An Abha Mhór (Irish), Auenmorus (Latin)
Blavet		Blabia, later Blavetum or Blavitta (Latin), Blavet (French), Blavezh (Breton, Welsh),
Bóbr		Bober (German), Bobr (Czech, Sorbian), Bóbr (Polish), Bobrawa (Lower Sorbian variant), Bubr - Бубр (Ukrainian)
Bodrog		Bodrog (Slovak, Hungarian), Bodrok (former Slovak variant)
Buna		Barbana (Latin), Boiana (Italian), Bojana - Бојана (Montenegrin, Macedonian, Serbian), Boyana (Turkish), Boyna - Μπούνα (Greek), Buna (Albanian, Czech, French, German), Bunë (Albanian)
Bosna		Basana / Bathinus (Latin), Bosna (Bosnian, Croatian), Bosna - Босна (Serbian), Bośnia (Polish)
Boyne		Bhóinn or Abhainn na Bóinne (Irish), Boandus (Neo-Latin (13th-century), Bououinda - Βουουινδα (Greek, 2nd century)
Brda		Brahe (German), Brda (Polish, Czech)
Brenta		Brandau (German), Brenta (Italian, Venetian), Medeiochos - Μηδειοχος (ancient Greek), Medoacus Maior (Latin)
Bug, Southern		Aksu (Ottoman Turkish), Boh (Czech, Polish, Slovak), Boug méridional (French), Bug or Bugul de Sud (Romanian), Etelä-Bug (Finnish), Hypanis - Ύπανις (ancient Greek, Latin), Lõuna-Bug (Estonian), Pivdennyi Buh - Південний Буг (Ukrainian), Südlicher Bug (German), Yuzhnyi Bug - Южный Буг (Russian), Zuidelijke Boeg (Dutch)
Bug, Western		Boug (French), Bug (Polish, English, German, Hungarian), Bug / Länsi-Bug (Finnish), Bug / Lääne-Bug (Estonian), Bug - בוג (Yiddish), Buga (Latin, Latvian), Bugas (Lithuanian), Zakhidyi Buh - Західний Буг (Ukrainian), Zakhodni Bug - Заходні Буг (Belarusian), Zapadnyi Bug - Западный Буг (Russian)
Buzău		Bodza (Hungarian), Buzau (German), Buzău (Romanian)

C

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Canche		Canche (French, Picard), Kwinte (Old Dutch), Quantia or Cancia (Latin)
Cetina		Cetina (Croatian, Bosnian), Cetina - Цетина (Serbian), Cettina (Italian), Zetina (German (archaic))
Cehotina		Ćehotina (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian)
Charente		Carantonus (Latin; 4th century),^[2] Charanta (Occitan), Charente (French), Kanentelos - Κανεντελος (Ancient Greek; 140 AD).^[3]
Cheptsa		Čepca (Italian), Cheptsa - Чепца (Russian), Chupchi - Чупчи (Udmurt), Çüpçe - Чүпче (Tatar), Tcheptsa (French), Tschepza (German)
Cher		Caris, Carus, Chares, Charus (Latin),^[2] Char (Occitan), Cher (French)
Chiers		Chiers (French), Korn (German), Kuer (or Kar,Kor or Korn) (Luxembourgish)
Chusovaya		Chusovaya - Чусовая (Russian, Chuvash), Čusovaja (Italian), Tchoussovaïa (French), Tschussowaja (German), Tsjoesovaja (Dutch)
Cinca		Cinca (Aragonese, Catalan, Spanish), Cinga (Latin, 1st century BC),^[4] Nahr al-Zaytun (Arabic, 9th-century),^[5] Zinca (Aragonese; old spelling?)
Clyde		Chluaidh (Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Irish), Cluda or Glota (Latin),^[2] Clud (Welsh), Clud or Clut (medieval Cumbric), Clyde (Scots)
Cogâlnic		Cogâlnic, Cunduc or Cogîlnic (Romanian), Kogelnik (German), Kogylnik - Когильник (Russian), Kohylnyk - Когильник or Kunduk - Кундук (Ukrainian)
Corrib		Abhainn na Coiribe (English name translated in Irish), Galway River (Irish name translated into English), Ghaillimh (Irish)
Çoruh		Acampsis, Acampseon, Acapsis (Latin),^[6] Akampsis - Άκαμψις (Greek), Boas - Βωας (6th-century Greek),^[7] Boas, Chorokh and Churuk (former English),^[8]^[9] Ch'orokhi - ჭოროხი (Georgian, Mingrelian), Čorox - Ճորոխ (Armenian), Çorox (Azerbaijani), Çoroxi (Zazaki), Çoruh (Turkish), Tchorokhi (French)
Couesnon		Coetnum or Cossonis (Latin),^[2] Couesnon (French), Kouenon or C'houenon (Breton)
Crasna		Crasna (Romanian), Kraszna (Hungarian)
Creuse		Creuse (French), Crosa, Chrosa and Croza (8th-13th century neo-Latin)^[10] Cruesa (Occitan)
Crişul Alb		Bílý Kriš (Czech, Slovak), Crişul Alb (Romanian), Fehér-Körös (Hungarian), Weiße Kreisch (German)
Crişul Negru		Černý Kriš (Czech), Čierny Kriš (Slovak), Crişul Negru (Romanian), Fekete-Körös (Hungarian), Schwarze Kreisch (German)
Crişul Repede		Bystrý Kriš (Slovak, Czech), Crişul Repede (Romanian), Schnelle Kreisch (German), Sebes-Körös (Hungarian)
Crna		Cherna - Черна (Bulgarian), Cerna (Romanian, former English), Crna - Црна (Macedonian, Serbian), Erigon (Thracian),^[11] Erigonas - Εριγώνας (Greek), Erigonus (Latin)

D

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Dahme		Dahme (German), Dubja or Damna (Upper Sorbian)
Dalälven		Dal River or Dalecarlia River (English), Dalälven (Swedish)
Dâmbovița		Dâmbovița or Dîmbovița (Romanian), Dymbowica (Polish), Izvoru Oticului and Oticu (Romanian; alternative for upper reaches)
Danube		Danav (Breton), Danóib (Irish), Danube (French), Danubi (Albanian, Catalan, Lombard, Occitan), Danubio (Italian, Spanish), Danúbio (Portuguese), Danuvius / Danubius (Latin; upper river),^[12] Doana (Bavarian), Dóná (Icelandic), Donaris (Dacian, upper river),^[13] Donau (Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, German, Indonesian, Norwegian, Swedish), Donava (Latvian, Slovene), Donaw/Donwy (Welsh), Donnä (Alemannic), Donua (Old English), Dounavis - Δούναβης (Greek), Duna (Aromanian, Hungarian), Dunaj (Czech, Polish, Slovak), Dunaja (Romani), Dunărea (Romanian), Dunav - Дунав (Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian), Dunay - Дунай (Russian, Ukrainian), Dunojus (Lithuanian), Hister or Ister (Latin; lower river),^[12] Istros - Ιστρος (Ancient Greek; lower river), Matoas (Thracian),^[14] Tonava (Finnish), Tuna (Turkish)
Daugava or Western Dvina		Daugava (Latvian, Estonian, French, Italian), Daugava or Västra Dvina (Swedish), Daugava or Westelijke Dwina (Dutch), Daugova (Latgalian, Samogitian), Dauguva (Lithuanian), Duina (Spanish), Duina Occidentalis (Latin), Duína Ocidental (Portuguese), Düna (German), Dvina Thiar (Irish), Dz'vina - Дзьвіна (Belarusian), Dźwina (Polish), Ntaounkava - Νταουγκάβα or Dytikos Ntbina - Δυτικός Ντβίνα (Greek), Väina (Estonian), Väinäjoki (Finnish), Vēna (Livonian), Western Dvina (alternative English name), Zakhidna Dvina - Західна Двіна (Ukrainian), Zapadnaya Dvina - Западная Двина (Russian), Západní Dvina (Czech, Slovak)
Dee, Aberdeenshire		Abredea and Diona (Latin), Dee (Scots, Welsh), Dhè (Scottish Gaelic), Dhé (Irish)
Dee, Wales		Dea/Deia/Deva/Deya (Latin), Dyfrdwy (Welsh, Breton, Scottish Gaelic)
Dender		Dender (Dutch, West Flemish), Dendre (French), Tinre (Walloon)
Desna		Desna - Десна (Russian, Ukrainian), Deyasna - Дзясна (Belarusian), Gyeszna (Hungarian)
Dinkel		Deenkel (Low Saxon), Dinkel (Dutch, German)
Dnieper		Borysthenes (early Latin), Borysthenes - Βορυσθενης (early Ancient Greek), Dānu apara or Dānu apr (Sarmatian), Danaper (late Latin), Danapres - Δαναπρης (late Ancient Greek), Danápris(Portuguese), Dinyeper (Turkish), Dneiperos - Δνείπερος (modern Greek), Dneper (Slovene), Dnepr (Danish, Estonian, Finnish, German, Norwegian, Swedish), Dnepr - Днепр (Russian), Dněpr (Czech), Dnieper (Italian), Dniéper (Spanish), Dnièper (Catalan), Dniepr (Polish), an Dnípir (Irish), Dnipro - Дніпро or Dniper - Дніпер (Ukrainian), Dnjepar (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian), Dnjepr (Dutch), Dnyapro - Дняпро or Dnyepr - Днепр (Belarusian), Dnyeper (Hungarian), Exi (Tatar), Nipru (Romanian), Özü (Crimean Tatar), Slavuta or Slavutych (Old East Slavic), Var (Hunnic), *Varu-stāna (Scythian)
Dniester		Dānu nazdya (Sarmatian), Dinyester (Turkish), Dnesteros - Δνειστερος (modern Greek), Dnester (Slovene), Dnestr - Днестр (Russian), Dnestr (Estonian, Finnish, Swedish), Dněstr (Czech), Dniester (Italian), Dnièster (Catalan), Dniestr (Polish), Dnister (English variant), Dnister - Дністер (Ukrainian), an Dnístir (Irish), Dnjestar (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian), Dnjestr (Dutch, Swedish), Dnyeszter (Hungarian), Ister (Thracian), Nester (Yiddish), Nistro (Italian, Portuguese), Nistru (Romanian), Thyras - Θυρας (Ancient Greek), tūra (Scythian), Turla (Turkish), Tyras (Latin), Danastro (Portuguese)
Dollart		Doalert (Western Frisian), Dollard (Dutch, French), Dollart (German), Dollert (Low Saxon), Dullert (Low German, Saterland Frisian)
Dommel		Dommel (Dutch; Limburgish), Duthmala (Latin; 8th century)
Don		Don - Дон (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian), Don (French, German, Spanish, etc.), Silys (Scythian),^[15] Tăn - Тэн (Kabardian), Tanais (Latin),^[16] Tanaïs - Τάναϊς (Ancient Greek), Tyn - Тын (Tatar)
Don, Aberdeenshire		Deathan (Irish), Devona (Latin), Dheathain (Scottish Gaelic), Don (Scots)
Donets		Danets Данец (Belarusian), Donec (Italian), Donets (Dutch, French, Spanish), (Sívers'kyj) Donets Донець (Ukrainian), (Séverskij) Donets - Донец (Russian), Donez (German), Doniec (Polish), Donyec (Hungarian), Tanais Minor or Severiensis (Latin)
Dora Baltea		Deura Bàotia (Piedmontese), Djouiye (Valdôtain),^[17] Doire baltée (French), Dora Baltea (Italian, Lombard), Duère Baltèa or Duère (Arpitan), Duria Bautica or Duria Maior (Latin),^[2] Dzouëre (Valdôtain),^[18] Jouère Baltèa or Jouère (Arpitan)
Dora Riparia		Dòira Rivaria (Piedmontese), Doire Ripaire (French), Dora Riparia (Italian), Duria minor or Duria Ripuaria (Latin)
Dordogne		Dordogna (Breton, Italian), Dordogne (French), Dordoina (Basque), Dordoña (Spanish), Dordonha (Occitan, Portuguese), Dordonya (Catalan), Ḏornton - Ντορντόν (modern Greek), Duranius (Latin)^[19]
Dospat		Despatis/Despotis - Δεσπάτης/Δεσπότης (Greek), Dospat/Dospat dere - Доспат/Доспат дере (Bulgarian), Rata - Рата (alternative Bulgarian), Sura (Thracian)
Doubs		Doubes - Δουβης (Ancient Greek), Doubs (Alemannisch, French), Dub (German), Dubis (Latin),^[20] Dubs (Franco-Provençal)
Douro		Douro (Galician, Mirandese, Portuguese, French), Duero (Aragonese, Asturian, Spanish, German, Italian), Durius (Latin)^[21]
Drac		Drac (French, Occitan), Dracum and Dravus (Neo-Latin, 11th-13th century), Drau (Occitan, 16th-18th century)
Drammenselva		Drammen River (English variant), Drammenselva (Norwegian), Drammenselven (Danish
Drava or Drave		Drau (German), Draus (Latin),^[22] Drava (Bosnian, Croatian, Italian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Dráva (Czech, Hungarian), Drave (German; rarely), Dravus (Latin),^[23] Drawa (Polish)
Drin		Drilon (Latin),^[24] Drim - Дрим (Macedonian, Serbian), Drin (French, German, Italian, Turkish), Drini (Albanian)
Drina		Dreinos - Δρεινος (Ancient Greek), Drina (Bosnian, Albanian, Hungarian, Italian, etc.), Drina - Дрина (Serbian, Macedonian), Drinos - Δρινος (Greek), Drinus (Latin),
Drôme		Droma (Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Early Modern Spanish), Drôme (French)
Drut		Drout (French), Druc (Czech), Drut’ - Друть (Russian, Ukrainian), Druts or Druć - Друць (Belarusian)
Drwęca		Drewenz (German), Druvinčia (Lithuanian), Drvenca (Latvian), Drventsa - Дрвенца (Ukrainian), Drwęca (Polish)
Dunajec		Dohnst (German; archaic), Dunajec (Polish, Slovak), Dunajez or Dunajetz (German)
Durance		Drouentia - Δrουεντια (Ancient Greek),^[25] Druentia (Latin),^[26] Druenza (Italian, former), Durance (French, Piedmontese), Duranza (Spanish variant), Durença (Occitan)
Dvina, Northern		(Northern) Dvina (French, Norwegian, etc.), (Northern) Dwina (German, Polish), Paŭnočnaia Dzvina - Паўночная Дзвіна (Belarusian), Pivnichna Dvina - Північна Двіна (Ukrainian), Severnaya Dvina - Северная Двина (Russian), Vienanjoki (Finnish), Výnva - Вынва (Komi)
Dyle		Dijle (Dutch, German, Luxembourgish), Dyle (French), Tîle (Walloon)
Dyoma		Dim - Дим (Bashkir, Tatar), Dioma (French, Italian), Djoma (German), Dyoma - Дёма (Russian), Kugiz̦el - Күгиҙел (Baskir alternative)
Dysna		Disna - Дисна (Russian), Dysna (Lithuanian), Dzisna - Дзісна (Belarusian)

E

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Ebro		Eabró (Irish), Ebre (Catalan), Èbre (French), Ebro (Spanish, Basque, Finnish, Galician, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish), Ebru (Romanian), Evros - Έβρος (modern Greek), Hiber - Ἴβηρ (Ancient Greek), Hiberus, Iberus or Oleum Flumen (Latin)
Eder		Adarna, Aderna or Adrina (Neo-Latin), Adrana (Latin), Edder (Hessian), Eder (German)
Eider		Aider (Low Saxon), Egdor or Egdore (Latin), Egða (Icelandic), Eider (German, Dutch, Northern Frisian), Ejderen (Danish)
Eisack		Eisack (German), Eisock (Tyrolean/Bavarian), Isarcho (Ladin), Isarchos - Ισαρχος (Ancient Greek), Isarci (Rhaetian), Isarco (Italian), Isarcus, Hisarcus or Isarus (Latin)
Elbe		Albis (Latin), Ælf (Old English), an Eilbe (Irish), Elba (Catalan, Croatian, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish), El'ba - Эльба (Russian), Elbas - Έλβας (Greek), Elbe (German, Dutch, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish), Elben (Danish, Norwegian), Elv (Low German), Elve (Low Saxon), Ialew (Northern Frisian), Laba (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Łaba (Polish, Silesian), Labe (Czech, Slovak), Łobjo (Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian)
Elde		Elde (German), Łada (historic Polish), Reecke (German; middle region)
Emajõgi		Emajegi (Latvian), Emajegis (Lithuanian), Emajõgi (English, Estonian, Swedish), Emajõgi - Эмайыги (Russian), Emajoki (Finnish), Embach (German), Imäjõgi (Võro), Mētra (Latvian), Omovzha - Омовжа (Russian), Suur Emajõgi (Estonian)
Ems		Amisia or Amisus (Latin), Amisos - Αμισος (Greek and Ancient Greek), Eems (Dutch, Low German, Low Saxon), Ems (German), Emže (Czech), Iems (Western Frisian), Oamse (Saterland Frisian)
Emscher		Amsara (Latin), Emscher (German), Iämscher (Low German)
Enguri		Egry - Егры (Abkhaz), Enguri - ენგური (Georgian), Ēnguri - Էնգուրի (Armenian), Ingirc̣q̇ari - ინგირწყარი or Ingiri - ინგირი (Mingrelian), Ingouri (French), Inguri - Ингури (Russian), İnquri (Azerbaijani)
Enns		Anisus (Greek and Latin), Aniža (Slovene), Enns (Austro-Bavarian, German, Hungarian), Enža (Slovak), Enže (Czech)
Erne		Éirne (Irish, Manx), Erne (English, Welsh)
Esla		Aisela or Astura (Latin), Esla (Asturian, Galician, Spanish)
Eure		Autura or Ebura (Latin), Eure (French)
Eurotas		Basilipotamόs - Βασιλιποταμός (medieval name), Bomycas (earlier ancient Greek), Eurota (Italian), Eurotas (French, Latin, Spanish), Eurṓtas - Εὐρώτας (Greek), Evrotas (alternative English, German), Ewrotas (Polish), Himeras (earlier ancient Greek), Iri or Iris - Ίρις (medieval name for lower course),
Exe		Esk (Cornish), Isca (Latin), Wysg (Welsh)

F

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Fella [de; it]		Bela (Slovene), Bělá (Czech), Fela (Venetian), Fele (Friulian), Fella (German, Hungarian, Italian)
Fiora		Armenta, Armine or Armino (Latin, old Italian until 13th century), Fiora (Italian)
Foglia		Foglia (Italian), Isaurus or Pisaurus (Latin)
Forth		Abhainn Dubh, Abhainn Foirthe (Scottish Gaelic), Bodotria (Latin; Firth of Forth), Afon Gweryd (Welsh), Uisge For (lower part; Irish, Scottish Gaelic)
Foyle		Feabhal (Irish), Foyle (English)
Fulda		Fulda (German), Fuldaha (Latin), Gersfelder Wasser (German; upper regions)
Fyris River		Sala River (Swedish)

G

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Gail		Cellia (medieval Latin (800 AD)) Gail (German, French, Italian), Geile (alternative German), Gila (medieval Latin (1090 AD)), Lica(s) or Licus (ancient Latin), Zeglia (former Italian), Zeie (Friulian), Zilja (Slovene)
Gardon		Gard or Gardon (French, Occitan), Vardo (Latin)
Garigliano		Gari-Lirano (historic Italian), Garigliano (Italian), Gariglianu (Sicilian), Liris, Caris lirianus and Clanis (Latin)
Garonne		Garona (Aranese, Basque, Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Croatian, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish), Garonna (Italian, Polish), Garonne (French, Dutch, Finnish, German), Garounas - Γαρούνας (Greek), Garumna or Garunna (Latin)
Gauja		Gauja (Latvian, Finnish, French, Lithuanian), Gauya - Гауя (Russian), Koiva (Estonian, Võro), Livländische Aa (German)
Gave de Pau		Gave de Pau (French, Occitan), Paueko uhaitza (Basque)
Genil		Genil (Spanish), Guad al-Xenil (later Arabic), Singilis (Latin), Sinyil / Sannil (early Arabic)
Gers		Ægirtius, Egircius, Gircius (Latin, 6th century), Gers (French, Occitan), Gersio (Latin; 817), Iercius (Latin, 13th century)
Geul		Geul (Dutch, Limburgish), Göhl (German), Gueule (French)
Gironde		Gironda (Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Gironde (French, Finnish), Zhironda - Жиронда (Russian), Zhyronda - Жыронда, Жиронда (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Žironda (Serbian), Żyronda (Polish)
Glâne		Glâne (French), Glane (German)
Glomma		Glåma (Norwegian local), Glaumr (Old Norse), Glomma (Norwegian, Swedish)
Göta älv		Gautelfr (Old Norse), Gautelfur (Icelandic), Gøtelv (Norwegian variant), Göta älv (Swedish, Norwegian)
Guadalete		Kriso - Κρισω and subsequently Lethe - Λήθη (Ancient Greek), Guadalete (Spanish), Guadaletho (Andalusian), Wādi Lakkah وادي لكة (Arabic)
Guadalquivir		Baetis (Latin), Guadalquivir (Spanish, Catalan, Extremaduran, Finnish, Italian), Gwadalkiwir (Polish), Wādi l-Kabīr الوادي الكبير (Arabic)
Guadiana		Flumen Anas (Latin), Guadiana (Catalan, French, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Gwadiana (Polish), Oudiana or Odiana (Medieval Spanish), Wadi Ana (Arabic)
Gudenå		River Guden (alternative English), Gudenå or Gudenåen (Danish)
Gurk		Gurk (German, French, Hungarian, Italian, Serbo-Croatian), Krka (Slovenian)
Gwda		Gwda (Polish, Czech), Küdde (German, Swedish)

H

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Haine		Haine (French), Hene (Dutch), Henne (German)
Haliacmon		Aliacmone (Italian), Aliakmon (French), Aliakmonas (German), Aliákmonas - Αλιάκμονας (modern Greek), Astraeus (possible Latin for upper river), Bistrica - Бистрица (Bulgarian, Macedonian), Haliacmon (Latin), Haliacmón (Spanish), Haliákmōn - Ἁλιάκμων (ancient Greek), Ince-Karasu or Inje-Kara (Ottoman Turkish), Vistritsa, Vistritza or Vistriza (former English, German)
Hase		Chasu (Latin), Haase (former German spelling), Hase (German, Low Saxon)
Havel		Habala / Habola / Havila (Latin), Habola (Sorbian), Hafelis (Lithuanian), Havel (German, French, Italian, Spanish), Havola (Czech), Hawela (Polish)
Hérault		Arauris or Araura (Latin), Erau or Eraur (Occitan, Catalan), Erauus (Neo-Latin), Ero - Эро (Cyrillic transliteration), Hérault (French)
Hornád		Gornad - Горнад (Russian, Ukrainian), Hernach (German), Hernád (Hungarian), Hornad (Polish), Hornád (Slovak, Czech, Romanian), Kundert (rare German variant)
Horyn		Goryn’ - Горынь (Russian), Haryn’ - Гарынь (Belarusian), Horin (Yiddish), Horyn’ - Горинь (Ukrainian), Horyń (Polish), Horyň (Czech)
Hron		Garam (Hungarian), Gran (German), Gron - Грон (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian), Hron (Slovak, Czech)

I

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Ialomița		Helibacia (Latin), Ialomița (Romanian), Jalomica or Ilonca (Hungarian), Jałomica (Polish), Naparis (Latin)
Ibar		Ibar - Ибар (Serbian), Angrus (Latin), Ibar (Croatian), Ibër or Ibri (Albanian), İbre (Turkish)
Idrijca		Fetschenbach (German), Idria (Italian), Idrijca (Slovenian, Croatian)
Iijoki		Iijoki (Finnish), Ijo älv (Swedish)
IJssel		Iessel (Low Saxon), IJssel (Dutch), Isala (Latin), Isel (West Frisian), Issel or Ijssel (German), Yssel (French)
Ik		Ik - Ик (Russian), Iq - Ык (Tatar), Yq - Ыҡ (Bashkir)
Ilek		Elek/Елік - Елек/Елік (Kazakh), Ilek - Илек (Russian)
Ill		Helella (Latin), Ill (Alemannic, French, German)
Iller		Hilara, Hilaria, and Ilargus (Latin), Iller (German)
Indalsälven		Indalinjoki (Finnish), Indalsälven, Jämtlandsälven, Litsälven, and Storsjöälven (alternative Swedish names)
Indre		Andra, Anger, Endria or Inger (Latin), Endre (Occitan), Indre (French)
Inhul		Ingul - Ингул (Russian), Inhul - Інгул (Ukrainian), Panticapes - Παντικάπης (Ancient Greek)?
Inhulets		Ingulec (Polish), Ingulets - Ингуле́ц (Russian), Inhulets’ - Інгулець (Ukrainian), Inhulez (German), Hypakyris (Ancient Greek)?
Inn		Aenus (Latin), Ainos - Αινος (Ancient Greek), En (Romansh), Eno (Italian), Enus or Oenus (Medieval Latin), Inn (Austro-Bavarian, German)
Iori		Ioræ - Иорæ (Ossetic), Iori - იორი (Georgian), Iori - Иори (Russian), Kamyech - Կամբեճ(Armenian), Qabırlı (Azerbaijani), Qarbi - Къарби (Tsakhur)
Ipel/Ipoly		Eipel (German), Ipeľ (Slovak, Czech), Ipola (Polish), Ipoly (Hungarian), Jupol (archaic Slovak)
Isar		Isar (German), Isara (Latin), Izar - Изар (Russian), Izara (Polish)
Isère		Isara (Latin), Isèra (Occitan, Catalan), Isère (French), Izera (Polish)
Iskar		Iskar - Искър (Bulgarian), Iskăr (Romanian), İskar (Turkish), Oescus/Escus (Latin), Oiskos - Οἶσκος or Skios - Σκίος(Ancient Greek)
Isle		Eila (Occitan), Ella (Latin), Isle (French)
Isonzo		Aesontius / Sontius (Latin), Aipsōntios - Αιψωντιος (Ancient Greek), Isonz (Lombard), Isonzo (Italian, French, German, Spanish), Isonzó (Hungarian), Lisonz (Venetian), Lusinç or Lisunç (Friulian), Soča (Slovene, Croatian, Czech), Sontig (historic German)
Izhma		Ijma (French), Ischma(German), Izhma - И́жма (Russian), Ižma (alternative transliteration), Iźva - Изьва (Komi, Komi-Permyak)

J

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Jalón		Jalón (Spanish), Salo (Latin), Xalón or Exalón (Aragonese)
Jarama		Jarama (Spanish), Xarama (Latin)
Jeker		Geer (French), Jeker (Dutch, German, Limburgish), Neker or Eker (Maastricht dialect of Limburgish)
Jiu		Jiu (Romanian), Rabon (Latin), Schil or Schiel (German), Zsil (Hungarian)
Jizera		Iser (German), Izera (Polish, Jizera (Czech, Slovak, Upper Sorbian)
Júcar		Júcar (Spanish), Sucro (Latin), Xúcar (Aragonese, Galician), Xúquer (Catalan, Valencian)

K

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Kalix		Gáláseatnu (Northern Sami), Kaalasväylä and Kaihnuunväylä (Meänkieli), Kalix älv or Kalixälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Kalixjoki (Finnish), Kölisälva (Kalix dialect)
Kama		Cama or Kama (Latin), Čolman - Чолман (Mari), Çulman - Чулман (Chuvash, Tatar), Kam - Кам (Udmurt), Kama - Кама (Komi, Russian), Şolman - Шолман (Kazakh)
Kamchiya		Kamchiya or Kamčija - Камчия (Bulgarian), Kamcia or Camcia (Romanian), Panisos - Πανισος (Ancient Greek), Ticha (Old Slavic)
Kem		Kem - Кемь (Russian), Kemijogi (Karelian), Kemijoki (Finnish)
Kemijoki		Giemajohka (Northern Sami), Kemi älv (Swedish), Kemijoki (Finnish)
Khopyor		Chopër (Italian), Chopjor (German), Jopior (Spanish), Khoper / Khopior (French), Khopra - Хопра (Mocksha), Khopyor / Khoper - Хопёр (Russian)
Klarälven		Clarus (Latin), Klara/Klaraelva (former Norwegian), Klarälven (Swedish), Trysilelva (Norwegian)
Klyazma		Clesma (Latin), Klaźma (Polish), Kliazma (French, Spanish), Kljasma (German), Kljazma (Czech, Dutch, Finnish, Italian), Klyaz'ma - Клязьма (Russian), Kľazma (Slovak), Malye Podbortsy - Малые Подборцы (Bashkir)
Kodori		Kodor - Кодор (Russian), Kodori - კოდორი (Georgian), Kwydry - Кәыдры (Abkhaz)
Kokemäenjoki		Kokemäenjoki (Finnish), Kumo älv (Swedish)
Körös		Criş (Romanian), Crisius (or Grisia, Gerasus) (Latin), Keresz (Polish), Körös (Hungarian), Kreisch (German), Kriš (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovak),
Kostroma		Kastrama - Кастрама (Belarusian), Kostrom (Veps), Kostroma - Кострома́ (Russian),
Kovda		Koundaälven (Swedish), Koutajoki (Finnish, Karelian), Kovda - Ковда (Russian)
Krka		Corcoras (Latin), Korka - Κόρκα (modern Greek), Korkoras - Κορκόρας (ancient Greek), Krainer Gurk (German), Krka (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, French, Serbian, Slovene)
Krka		Cherca (Italian), Corcoras or Titius (Latin), Katarbates - Καταρβάτης (ancient Greek; perhaps), Kerka (Hungarian), Krka (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovene), Korkoras - Κορκορας (Ancient Greek),
Kuban		Hypanis (Latin), Hypanis - Ύπανις (ancient Greek), Kouban or Koubane (French), Kuban - Куба́нь (Russian), Psyzh" - Псыжъ (Circassian), Qoban - Кобан (Karachay–Balkar, Nogai), Q̇vbina - Къвбина (Abaza),
Kupa		Colapis or Calapius (Latin), Kolpa (Slovene), Kulpa (German, Hungarian), Kupa (Croatian, Bosnian), Kupa - Купа (Serbian)
Kura		Cyrus, Cyrrhus or Corius (ancient Latin), Gur - Կուր (Armenian), Khuar - Къуар (Ossetic), Koera (Dutch), Kor - Кор (Avar), Koura (French), Kür (Azerbaijani), Kura (Turkish, Italian, Spanish), Kura - Кура (Russian), Kyros - Κῦρος (ancient Greek), Mt'k'vari - მტკვარი (Georgian, Mingrelian), Mtkvari (alternative name in Western European languages))
Kymi		Kymi or Kymijoki (Finnish), Kymmene (Swedish)

L

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Laba		Laba - Лаба (Russian), Labæ - Лабæ (Ossetian), Labez̄ - Лабэжъ (Adyghe, Kabardian)
Laborec		Laborc (Hungarian), Laborec (Slovak), Laborets - Лаборець (Ukrainian), Labortz or Laborz (German; less common variants)
Laga		Lafuan (17th-century Neo-Latin),^[27] Lagan (Swedish)
Lahn		Lahn (German), Laugana or Loganus (Latin)
Lambro		Lamber or Lambar (Lombard), Lambro (Italian), Lambrus or Labarus (Latin)^[2]
Latorica		Latorca (Hungarian), Latorica (Slovak), Latoritsa - Латорица (Russian), Latorytsia - Латориця (Ukrainian)
Lech		Lech (German, Bavarian), Lica, Licca, or Licus (Latin; between 500 and 1100),^[2] Likios or Likias - Λικιας (Greek; 2nd century)^[28]
Lee		An Laoi (Irish)
Leine		Laginga, Lainegha and Lagina (Old Saxon or Neo-Latin; 10th-11th century),^[29] Leine (German)
Leitha		Lajta (Hungarian), Leita (Italian, Spanish), Leitha (German, French, Slovenian), Lîtaha (Old High German),^[30] Litava (Croatian, Czech, Slovak), Litawa (Polish), Sárviz or Sár (former Hungarian)
Lek		Lek (Dutch), Lokkia, Lokkiam and Loccham (Old Dutch and/or Neo-Latin; 8th-10th century)^[31]
Lielupe		Kurländische Aa (German), Lėilopė (Samogitian), Lelupa (Polish), Lielupe (Latvian, French, Russian, Swedish), Lielupė (Lithuanian)
Liffey		Anna Liffey (anglicisation of Irish Abhainn na Life), Libnius or Modanus (Latin),^[32] Life (Irish, Breton, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh), Ruirthech (Irish; pre-19th century)^[33]
Lim		Limnos (Greek), Limus (Latin), Lim (Montenegrin, Serbian)
Limmat		Limet (Alemannic), Limig (German; archaic), Limmat (German, Romansh), Limmig (Aargau dialect), Lindimacus and Lindimagus (Latin; 8th-9th century), Lindmagt/Lindmat (German; 15th-16th century),^[34] Linth (German; upper course)
Lippe		Lippe (German), Lupia, Lippa, Libia (Latin)^[2]
Livenza		Lighintha (local Friulian),^[35] Liquentia, Liguencia or Liquetia (Latin),^[2] Livence (Friulian), Łivensa (Venetian), Livenza (Italian)
Ljubljanica		Laibach (German), Ljubljanica (Slovene, Croatian), Ľubľanica (Slovak), Lublaňka or Lublanice (Czech), Lunghezza or Lubianizza (Italian), Nauportus - Ναύπορτος (Latin/Ancient Greek; 1st-century)
Ljungan		Jångna or Aoa (Jamtlandic),^[36] Ljungan (Swedish), Ognar (Old Swedish; 15th century)^[37]
Ljusnan		Ljusnan (Swedish), Lusn (Old Swedish; 14th century)^[37]
Loir		Ledus (Latin; 616 AD),^[38] Lez (Breton), Lidericus or Lœdus (Neo-Latin), Loir (French)
Loire		Léger, Leir or Leire (Occitan), Leira (Icelandic), Lêre (Arpitan), Liger (Breton, German (archaic)), Liger (Latin), Ligiras - Λίγηρας (Greek), Ligore (Old English), Loara (Bosnian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Loira (Basque, Catalan, Czech, Italian, Slovak, Spanish), Lòira (Piedmontese), Loire (French, Danish, Dutch, Hungarian, Spanish), Luara (Lithuanian), Luara - Луара (Russian, Ukrainian)
Lot		Lot (French), Olt (former French), Òlt (Occitan, Catalan), Oltis (Latin; Roman time),^[39] Out (Occitan; variant and 13th century), Ulda and Ulta (Latin; 6th-7th century)^[39]
Lovat		Lovać - Ловаць (Belarusian), Lovat' - Ловать (Russian), Lovot - Ловоть (Old East Slavic)^[40]
Luga		Lauga jõgi (Estonian), Laugaz or Laukaa (Votic), Laukaa or Laukaanjoki (Finnish), Loukka (Ingrian), Luga - Луга (Russian)
Lule		Julevädno or Lulejuädno (Lule Sami),^[41]^[40] Lule älv or Luleälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Luulajanjoki (Finnish)
Luza		Luz - Луз (Komi), Luza - Луза (Russian)
Lužnice		Lainsitz (German), Luschnitz (German, pre-1918 for Bohemian part), Lužnice (Czech)
Łyna		Alle (German, French), Alna (Lithuanian, Old Prussian (13th century)), Lava - Лава (Russian), Lina (Latvian), Łyna (Polish)
Lys		Legia (Latin; 7th-century),^[42] Leie (Dutch, West Flemish, German), Lys (French)

M

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Main		Main (German, Bavarian, Dutch, French), Maina (Latvian),^[43] Mainas (Lithuanian),^[43] Majna (Hungarian, Serbian), Mayn - Майн (Russian, Ukrainian), Mein (alternative spelling in French), Men (Polish, Piedmontese), Mèn (Lombard), Meno (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Moa (Bavarian variant), Moenis^[44] or Moenus (Latin, 1st century), Mohan (Czech, Slovak, Sorbian)
Malka		Bałqyps - Балъкъыпс (Kabardian), Balyksu - Балыксу (Russian, from Karachay-Balkar), Balyq - Балыкъ (Karachay-Balkar), Malka - მალკა (Georgian), Malka - Малка (Russian), Malq - (Ossetian)
Maritsa		Ebros (Thracian),^[45] Euros - Εύρος (Ancient Greek, used by Alcman c. 600 BC),^[45] Hebros or Evros - Έβρος (Ancient and Modern Greek), Hebrus (Latin), Marica or Evros (Italian), Marica (Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish), Marița (Romanian), Maritsa - Марица (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian), Mariza (German), Meriç (Turkish)
Marne		Marna (Czech, Italian, Occitan, Polish, Romanian), Marne (Dutch, French, German, Spanish), Matrona (Latin)
Medveditsa (Don)		Medveditsa - Медведица (Russian), Medwediza (German), Miadzviedzitsa - Мядзведзіца (Belarusian), Miedwiedica (Polish), Vedmeditsa - Ведмедиця (Ukrainian)
Mersey		Mærse (Old English; 1002 AD),^[46] Mersey (Irish), Merswy or Mersi (Welsh), Seteia (Latin; estuary)
Mezha		Meja (French), Mescha (German), Meža (Estonian, Lithuanian), Mezha - Межа (Russian), Mieża (Polish)
Meuse		Helinius or Helinium (Latin; delta),^[47] Maas (Dutch, Danish, Frisian, German, Hungarian, Low Saxon, Swedish), Maas - Маас (Russian), Maes (Zeelandic), Maos (Limburgish), Mása (Slovak), Máza (Czech), Mesa - Меза (Macedonian), Meuse (French, Picard, Romanian), Moas (West Flemish), Mosa (Latin, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish), Mouze (Walloon), Moza (Polish)
Mezen		Mesen (German), Mezen (French), Mezen' - Мезень (Russian), Mozyn - Мозын (Komi)
Midouze		Midosa (Catalan, Occitan), Midouze (Basque, French)
Mincio		Mens (Lombard), Menzo (Venetian), Minchios - Μίγχιος (Ancient Greek), Mincio (Italian), Mincius (Latin)
Minho		Minho (Portuguese, French, Mirandese), Minius (Latin),^[48] Miño (Galician, Spanish, Catalan, German, Italian)
Moksha		Ĭov - Йов (locally in Moksha), Măkshǎ - Мӑкшӑ (Chuvash), Moksha - Мокша (Moksha, Russian), Moksho - Мокшо (Mari), Mükşı - Мукшы (Tatar)
Moldova		Moldau (German), Moldavia (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Mołdawa (Polish), Moldova (Romanian, French), Mulduha and Mulduva (16th-century Romanian)^[49]
Molochna		Gerros - Γέρρος (Ancient Greek),^[50] Gerrus (Latin), Molochna - Молочна (Ukrainian), Molochnaya* - Молочная* (Russian), Molotchna (French), Molotschna (German), Tokmachka - Токмачка (Ukrainian; upper part)
Mondego		Mondego (Portuguese, Asturian, Galician, Spanish), Mundas (Latin),^[48] Mundego (Mirandese)
Morača		Morača - Морача (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian), Moraça (Albanian), Oriundus? (Latin)^[51]
Morava (Moravia)		Maraha (Latin, 9th-11th century),^[52]^[53] March (German), Marus (Latin), Morava (Czech, Slovak, French, Italian, Latin, Romanian, Slovene), Morawa (Polish), Morva (Hungarian)
(Great) Morava (Serbia)		Brongos - Βρόγγος (Ancient Greek),^[54] Margus (Latin),^[54] (Velika) Morava - (Велика) Морава (Serbian, Bulgarian), (Golema) Morava - (Голема) Морава (Macedonian), Morava (Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene), Morawa (Polish)
South Morava		Brongos - Βρόγγος (Ancient Greek),^[55] Balgarska Morava - Българска Морава (former Bulgarian), Bulgarian Morava (former English), Južna Morava - Јужна Морава (Macedonian, Serbian)
West Morava		Angros - Ανγρος (Ancient Greek),^[55] Zapadna Morava - Западна Морава (Serbian, Bosnian)
Moselle		Moezel (Dutch), Mosel (Alsatian, German, Hungarian, Ripuarian, Romanian, Swedish), Mosela (Czech, Portuguese, Spanish), Mosella (Italian, Latin), Mosel·la (Catalan), Moselle (French), Mosl (Bavarian), Mozel’ - Мозель (Russian), Mozela (Polish), Musalla (Latin),^[56] Musel (Luxembourgish)
Moskva		Mäskäü - Мәскәү (Tatar), Maskva - Масква (Belarusian), Moscou (Portuguese), Moscova (Spanish), Moscus or Moscua (Neo-Latin), Moskau (German alternate), Mosko - Моско (Mari), Moskova (French, Turkish), Moskuba - Москуба (Yakut), Moskva - Москва (Russian, Ukrainian), Moskva (Dutch, Finnish), Moskwa (German, Polish), Muskav - Мускав (Chuvash)
Msta		Msta - Мста (Russian), Mstanjogi (Veps), Mustajoki (historically Finnish & Estonian)
Mulde		Milda (Latin, 10th century),^[57]^[58] Módła (Lower Sorbian), Modłej (Upper Sorbian), Mulda (Czech, Polish)
Mur		Muora (Latin, 10th century),^[57] Mur (German, Dutch, French, Romanian), Mura (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, Slovene), Müra or Möra (Prekmurje Slovene)^[59]
Mureş		Marisos - Μαρισος (Ancient Greek),^[60] Marisus (Latin), Maros (Hungarian), Marosh - Марош (Russian), Maroš or Maruše (Czech), Marusza (Polish), Mieresch or Marosch (German), Moriš (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian), Mureş (Romanian), Mureš (Slovak)

N

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Naab		Naab (German, French, Polish), Nába (Czech)
Namsen		Nååmesje (Southern Sami), Namsen (Norwegian, Swedish)
Narew		Narau - Нараў (Belarusian), Nare (former German), Narev (Czech), Narevas (Lithuanian), Narew (German, Polish)
Narva		Narv (Veps), Narva (Estonian, Latvian), Narva - Нарва (Russian, Belarusian), Narvajoki (Finnish), Narwa (Polish)
Neckar		Neccarus (Latin variant), Neckar (German), Nicer (Latin)
(Lusatian) Neisse		Lausitzer Neiße (German), Lužická Nisa (Czech), Łužiska Nysa (Sorbian), Neisse (Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish), Nissa Lusatianus (Latin), Nysa Łużycka (Polish)
Eastern Neisse		Glatzer Neiße (German), Kladská Nisa (Czech), Nysa Kłodzka (Polish)
Raging Neisse		Nysa Szalona (Polish), Šílená Nisa (Czech), Wütende Neiße or Jauersche Neiße (German)
Neman		Memel (German, Dutch), Mīmeli (Old Prussian), Neman - Неман (Russian), Němen (Czech), Nemons (Samogitian), Nemuna (Latvian), Nemunas (Lithuanian, Estonian, Norwegian), Niemen (Finnish, Polish, Spanish), Niémen (French), Njemen (Swedish), Nyoman - Нёман (Belarusian)
Nemunėlis		Memele - Мемеле (Russian), Mēmele (Latvian, Estonian), Nemunėlis (Lithuanian), Nemonielis (Samogitian), Niemenek (Polish)
Neretva		Narenta (Italian), Naro (Latin), Narōn - Νάρων (ancient Greek), Neretva (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Slovene), Neretva - Неретва (Serbian), Neretwa (Polish)
Neris		Nere (Latvian), Neris (Lithuanian, Estonian, German), Néris (French), Viliya - Ві́лія (Belarusian), Viliya - Ви́лия (Russian), Wilia (Polish)
Nestos		Mesta - Места (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian), Mesta (French, Italian), Mesta Karasu (Ottoman Turkish), Nessus or Nestus (Latin), Nestos- Νέστος (Greek)
Neva		Neeva (Estonian), Neva (Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Swedish, Veps), Neva - Нева (Russian), Něva (Czech), Néva (Hungarian), Nevan (Swedish variant), Newa (German, Polish), Nieva (Latin variant), Njewa (Upper Sorbian), Nyava - Нява (Belarusian)
Nitra		Neutra (German), Nitra (Czech, Slovak), Nyitra (Hungarian)
Nore		Eoyrus (Latin), An Fheoir (Irish)
Noteć		Natissis (Latin), Netze (German), Notec or Niéc (Kashubian), Noteć (Polish, Czech)

O

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Oder		Biadros - Βιαδρος (Ancient Greek), Oder (German, Danish, Dutch, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Òder (Catalan), Odera (Hungarian), Odera or Oddera (medieval Latin), Odra (Lower Sorbian, Polish, Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene), Òdra (Kashubian), Onter - Όντερ (modern Greek), Suebus (Latin), Syebos- Συήβος (ancient Greek), Uder (Silesian German), Uodra (Silesian), Viadrus (Renaissance Latin), Vjodr (Old Church Slavonic), Wódra (Upper Sorbian)
Odet		Oded (Breton, Manx, Welsh), Odera (Latin), Odet (French)
Oglio		Oglio (Italian), Òi (Lombard), Ollius (Latin)
Ohře/Eger		Agara / Agira (9th-century),^[61] Eger (German), Ohře, Ohara, and Oharka (Czech), Ohrza (Polish)
Oise		Esia (Neo-Latin), Isara (Latin), Oése (Picard), Oise (French)
Oka		Aka - Ака (Belarusian), Hura - Хура (Chuvash), Joka - Йока (Erzya), Occa or Aucensis (Latin), Oka - Ока (Russian, Mari, Mocksha)
Oker		Ovacra (Neo-Latin (AD 747)), Ocker (Early New High German)
Olt		Alt (German), Aluta (Latin, Polish), Alytos - Αλυτος (Greek), Olt (Hungarian, Romanian), Olt - Олт (Bulgarian), Oltu (Turkish)
Olza		Olsa (German), Olša (Slovak), Olše (Czech), Olza (Polish)
Onega		Äänisjoki (Finnish), Änine or Änižjogi (Veps), Onega - Оне́га (Russian)
Orava		Arva (Latin), Árva (Hungarian), Arwa (German), Orava (Czech, Slovak), Orawa (Polish)
Osam		Assamus/Asamus (Latin), Osam - Осъм (Bulgarian), Ossam (German), Oszam (Hungarian),
Oskol		Askol - Аскол (Belarusian), Oskil - Оскіл (Ukrainian), Oskol - Оскол (Russian)
Osobloga		Hotzenplotz (German, for Prussian/Polish part), Osoblaha (Czech), Osobłoga (Polish), Ossa (German, for Austrian/Czechoslovak part)
Oulujoki		Oulujoki (Finnish), Ule älv (Norwegian, Swedish)
Ounasjoki		Ounasjoki (Finnish), Ovnnesjohka (Northern Sami)
Ourthe		Ourthe (French, Luxembourgish), Oûte (Walloon), Urt (German), Urta (Latin, 870 AD)^[62]
Ouse-Ure		Ear (English; 1025 AD, upper river),^[63] Isura (Britonic, Latin), Jor, Yore* (English; 12th-century, upper river), Ouse (lower river), Ure (upper river), Usa (Old English; 780 AD, lower river)
Oust		Austa, Hulda, Ousta or Ultum (Latin), Oud (Breton), Oust (French), Out (Gallo)

P

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Paatsjoki		Báhčaveaijohka (Northern Sami), Paaččjokk (Skolt Sami), Paatsjoki (Finnish), Pasvik älv (Swedish), Pasvikelva (Norwegian), Paz - Паз or Patsojoki - Патсойоки (Russian)
Pechora		Pechora - Печо́ра (Russian), Pechora -Печӧра (Komi), Petchora (French), Petschora (German), Sanjero Jaha - Санэроˮ яха (Nenets)
Peene		Peene (German), Pěna (Czech), Piana (Polish)
Piave		Piav (Lombard), Piava (Slovenian), Piave (Italian, Croatian, French, Hungarian, Venetian), Piawa (Polish), Plavá (Czech), Plavis (Latin), Ploden (German)
Pineios		Pénée (French), Peneiós - Πηνειός (ancient Greek), Penej - Пеней, (Bulgarian, Croatian), Peneo (Spanish), Peneu (Catalan), Peneus (Latin), Pinios (Dutch, alternative English, German), Piniós - Πηνειός (modern Greek), Salabrias or Salambrias (medieval Latin)
Pisuerga		Pisorga or Pisorica (Latin), Pisuerga (Spanish, Aragonese, Basque, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese)
Pite		Bidumiedno or Bisumiedno (Pite Sami), Bihtámädno (Lule Sami), Piitimenjoki (Finnish), Pite älv or Piteälven (Swedish, Norwegian)
Piva		Simacus (Latin, Greek), Piva (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian)
Po		Bodincus or Bodencus (Ligurian), Eridano (old Italian), Eridanos - Ηριδανος (Ancient Greek), Pad (Polish, Slovene), Pád (Czech), Pàdos - Παδος (modern Greek), Padus or Eridanus (Latin), Pfad (German), Phó (Irish), Po (Catalan, Dutch, Italian, Maltese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish, Venetian), Pò (Lombard, Piedmontese), Pó (Hungarian, Portuguese), Pô (Arpitan)
Pregolya		Pregel (German, Hungarian), Pregoła (Polish), Pregola (Czech, variant in English), Pregolja (Finnish), Pregolya - Преголя (Russian), Prieglius (Lithuanian), Vatrulia (Latin)
Prut		Proet (Dutch), Prout (French), Prut (Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Turkish), Prut - פּרוט (Yiddish), Pruth (German, English variant), Pyretòs - Πυρετος (Greek and Ancient Greek), Pyretus (Latin)
Prypiat		Pripeat (Romanian), Pripet (Finnish), Pripete (Latvian, Lithuanian), Pripetius (Latin), Pripiat (French, Spanish), Pripiať (Slovak), Pripjat (Dutch), Pripjať, Prypjať or Pripěť (Czech), Pripyat (English variant), Pripyat' - Припять (Russian), Pripjaty (Hungarian), Prõpjats (Estonian), Prypeć (Polish), Prypjat (German), Pryp'yat' - Прип'ять (Ukrainian), Prypyats' - Прыпяць (Belarusian)

R

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Rába		Arabo or Raba (Latin), Arabos - Αραβος (Ancient Greek), Raab (German), Rába (Hungarian, Czech), Raba (Romanian, Slovene)
Rance		Rance (French), Rancz (Gallo), Renk (Breton, Welsh), Rinctius (Latin)
Råne		Radnejokk (Northern Sami), Råneälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Rávnaädno (Lule Sami, Northern Sami), Raunajoki (Finnish)
Rhine		Rain (Romansh), Rajna (Bosnian, Croatian, Hungarian, Serbian), Rayn - רײַן (Yiddish), Rein (Estonian, Finnish), an Réin (Irish), Reina (Latvian), Reinas (Lithuanian), Ren (Occitan, Polish, Slovene, Turkish), Reno (Italian, Portuguese), Renu (Corsican, Maltese), Reyn - Рейн (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Reyn - Рэйн (Belarusian), Rhäin (Luxembourgish), Rhein (German, Bavarian, Welsh), Rhen (Swedish), Rhenos - Ρηνος (ancient Greek), Rhenus (Latin), Rhien (Low Saxon), Rhin (French, Basque), Rhinen (Danish, Norwegian), Rhing (Colognian), Rhoi (Palatine German), Rhy (Alemannic German), Rien (Limburgish, Low Saxon), Rijn (Dutch), Rin (Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, Walloon), Roen (Breton), Ryn (Afrikaans, Western Frisian), Rýn (Czech, Slovak)
Rhône		Rhodanòs - Ροδανος (Greek and Ancient Greek), Rhodanus (Latin), Rhôna (Czech, Slovak), Rhône (French, Dutch, Estonian), Rhone (German, Hungarian), Rodan (Romansh, Polish), Rodano (Basque, Italian), Ródano (Portuguese, Spanish), Ròden (Lombard), Rodonos (Gaulic), Róin* (Irish), Roine (Catalan), Ron (Breton, Romanian), Rón (Icelandic), Rona - Рона (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Rona (Croatian, Slovene), Róna (Czech), Rône (Western Frisian), Rôno (Arpitan), Ròno (Piedmontese), Ròse (Occitan), Rotten (Walliser German, former German), Rottu (Alemannisch), Roûno (Franco-Provençal)
Rienz		Byrrha (Latin), Rienz (German), Rienza (Italian)
Rioni		Phasis - Φᾶσις (ancient and modern Greek), Rion (English variant), Rion - Ռիոն (Armenian), Rioni - რიონი (Georgian), Rioni - Риони (Russian)
Rubicon		Rubicão (Portuguese), Rubico or Rubicon (Latin), Rubicó (Catalan), Rubicon (Danish, Dutch, French, Hungarian, Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish), Rubicón (Spanish), Rubicone (Italian), Rubikon (Czech, Finnish, German, Polish, Slovene), Rubikon - Рубикон (Bulgarian, Russian)
Ruhr		Ruhr (German, Dutch, French, Low German), Ruhra (Polish), Rúr (Czech), Rura or Rurinna (Latin)
Rur		Roer (Dutch, French, Italian, Limburgish), Roër (Italian variant), Roûle (Walloon), Rur (German, Colognian, Romanian, Spanish)

S

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Saale		Saale (German), Sala (Latin), Sála (Czech, Slovak), Solawa (Sorbian), Soława (Polish)
Saane/Sarine		Charnà (Fribourg patois), Saane (German), Sanona (Latin), Sarina (Italian), Sarine (French)
Saar		Saar (Danish, German, Hungarian, Italian, Romanian), Saar - Саар (Russian), Saara (Polish), Saravus (Latin), Sarre (French, Portuguese, Spanish), an tSáir (Irish)
Sado		Calipus (Latin), Sádão (archaic Portuguese), Sado (Portuguese)
Sajó		Sajo (Romanian), Sajó (Hungarian), Šajo (Croatian), Salz, Salza or Salzbach, (German), Slaná (Slovak, Czech)
Sakmara		Haqmar - Һаҡмар (Bashkir), Sakmar - Сакмар (Tatar), Sakmara - Сакмара (Russian)
Salzach		Isonta (Latin, upper part), Iuvarus / Ivarus (Latin), Salzach (German), Salzaha (Neo-Latin), Soizach (Austro-Bavarian)
Samara		Samar - Самар (Chuvash, Tatar), Samara - Самара (Russian)
Sambre		Sabes - Σαβης (Ancient Greek), Sabis (Latin), Sambe (Walloon), Samber (Dutch), Sambra (Polish), Sambre (French, German, Luxembourgish)
Samur		Kʼulan - Кьулан or Chhvegʼan - ЧӀвегьер (Lezgian), Samur - Самур (Russian), Samurçay (Azerbaijani, Turkish), Samyr - Самыр (Rutul)
San		Saan (German), San (Polish, Slovak), Sian - Сян (Ukrainian)
Sangro		Isagros - Ισαγρος or Sagros - Σαγρος (Ancient Greek), Sagrus (Latin), Sangro (Latin)
Saône		Arar (pre-Roman), Brigoulus, Sagonna or Souconna (Latin), Saona (Catalan, Czech, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish), Saône (Estonian, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian), Sona (Arpitan), Sòna (Occitan)
Sauer		Sauer (German, Luxembourgish), Seure (Walloon), Sura (Latin), Sûre (French)
Sava		Sabos - Σαβος (Ancient Greek), Sau (German), Sava (Bosnian, Croatian, Italian, Romanian, Slovene, Turkish), Sava - Сава (Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian), Sáva (Czech, Slovak), Save (French, German, variant in English), Savus (Latin), Sawa (Polish), Sawe (German variant), Száva (Hungarian)
Schaale		Chalousos (Ancient Greek)
Scheldt		Escalda (Spanish), Escaut (French, Picard), Escô (Walloon), Scaldis (Latin), Schelda (Italian), Schelde (Dutch, German, Hungarian, Swedish, West Flemish, Zeelandic), Šelda (Czech), Sjelde (Limburgish), Skalda (Polish), Skelde (West Frisian)
Segre		Segre (Catalan, Occitan, Spanish), Sègre (French), Sicoris (Latin), Nahr az-Zaytūn نهر الزيتون (Arabic)
Segura		Segura (Spanish), Tader or Thader (Latin), Wadi al-Abyad or War-Alabiat - وادي الأبيض or شقورة, (Arabic)
Seine		Saena (Breton), Seina (Czech), Sèina (Occitan), Seine (Dutch, French, German, Swedish variant, Welsh), Seinen (Danish, Swedish), Sekwana (Polish), Sen (Turkish), Sena (Catalan, Croatian, Galician, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Slovene), Sena - Сена (Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian), Senna (Italian), Sequana or Sequanna (Celtic), Sequana or Sequanus (Latin), Sigen (Old English), Signa (Icelandic), Sikouànas - Σηκουάνας (Greek), Sinne (Walloon), Szajna (Hungarian), an tSéin (Irish)
Sele		Sele (Italian), Sélé (French), Silarus, Siler, Silerus or Sylar (Latin)
Semois		Semois (French [Belgium]), Semoy (French [France]), Sesbach (German), Sesomires or Sesmara (Latin), Setzbaach (Arlon Luxembourgish), Simwès or Smwès (Walloon)
Sense		Chindzena (Fribourg patois), Sense (German), Singine (French)
Sesia		Sesia (Italian, Piedmontese), Sesites, Sessites or Sicia (Latin), Tseschra (Walser German)
Šešupė		Ostfluss (briefly former German), Scheschup(p)e (German), Šešopė (Samogitian), Šešupė (Lithuanian), Sheshupe - Шешупе (Russian), Szeszupa (Polish)
Severn		(Afon) Hafren (Welsh), Sabhrainn (Irish), Sabrina (Latin), Sæfern (Old English)
Seym		Seim, Sejm or Seym - Сейм (Russian, Ukrainian), Sejm (Czech, Polish)
Shannon		Abhainn na Sionainne (variant in Irish), y Çhannon (Manx), Scene (Old English), Senus (Latin), Shanon - Շանոն (Armenian), Shanon - Шанон (Macedonian), Shannon - Шаннон (Russian), Shanǎn - Шанън (Bulgarian), an tSionainn (Irish), an tSionna (variant in Irish)
Shkumbin		Genessus or Genusus (Latin), Genoúsos - Γενούσος (Ancient Greek), Shkumbin or Shkëmbi (Albanian), Shkumba - Шкумба or Shkumbin - Шкумбин (Macedonian, Serbian), Skoumpin - Σκούμπιν (Modern Greek)
Sieg		Segaha (Latin), Sie (Colognian dialect), Sieg (German)
Siret		Ararus or Hierasus (Latin), Hierasòs - Ιερασος (Ancient Greek), Seret (Polish), Seret / Siret - Серет / Сірет (Ukrainian), Sereth (German), Siret (Romanian), Siret - Сирет (Russian), Sireth (traditional English), Szeret (Hungarian)
Skellefte		Skellefteälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Syöldateiednuo (Ume Sami)
Soča		Aesontius / Sontius (Latin), Aipsōntios - Αιψωντιος (Ancient Greek), Isonz (Lombard), Isonzo (Italian, French, German, Spanish), Isonzó (Hungarian), Lisonz (Venetian), Lusinç or Lisunç (Friulian), Soča (Slovene, Croatian, Czech), Sontig (historic German)
Someş		Samosch (German), Samosius / Samus (Latin), Samosz (Polish), Someş (Romanian), Somesch (German), Somesh - Сомеш (Ukrainian), Szamos (Hungarian)
Someşul Mare		Großer Somesch (German), Nagy-Szamos (Hungarian), Someşul Mare (Romanian)
Someşul Mic		Kis-Szamos (Hungarian), Kleiner Somesch (German), Someşul Mic (Romanian)
Somme		Samara (Gaulish, Latin), Somena/Somona (Latin variants), Somma (Polish), Somme (French, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Swedish), Sonme (Picard), Zomme (Middle Dutch), Zoom (West Flemish)
Sozh		Soj (French), Sosch (German), Soż (Polish), Sožas (Lithuanian), Sozh - Сож (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian)
Spey		Spè (Scottish Gaelic), Uisge Spé (Irish), Spea (Latin)
Spree		Spree (German, Swedish), Spréva (Czech), Spreva (Latin), Sprewa / Szprewa (Polish), Sprjewja (Lower Sorbian), Sprowja / Sprewja / Šprewa (Sorbian)
Struma		Estrimón (Spanish), Karasu (Turkish), Strimónas - Στρυμώνας (Greek), Strouma (French, variant in English), Struma - Струма (Bulgarian, Serbian), Struma (Czech), Strymon (ancient Greek, Latin, variant in English), Sztruma (Hungarian)
Suir		Siúr or Abhainn na Siúire (Irish), Suirus (Latin)
Sukhona		Soukhona (French), Suchona (Latin, German, Italian), Suhona (Finnish), Sújona (Spanish), Sukhona - Су́хона (Russian)
Sulak		Ġoy-su - ГIой-хи (Chechen), Kʼas - Кьас (Dargin), Qoj su - Къой су (Kumyk), Sulak - Сулак (Lezgian, Russian), Sulak (Azerbaijani), Sulapi - სულაკი (Georgian), Sulaq - Сула́хъ (Avaric)
Sunzha		Sholʒə - Шолжа (Ingush), Sölƶa - Соьлжа (Chechen), Sunja - სუნჯა (Georgian), Sunžæ - Сунжæ (Ossetian), Sunzha - Су́нжа (Russian), Səndž - Сындж (Kabardian)
Sura		Săr - Сӑр (Chuvash), Sırı - Сыры (Tatar), Soera (Dutch), Soura (French), Šur - Шур (Mari), Sura - Сура́ (Moksha, Russian), Sura Lej - Сура лей (Erzya)
Svir		Süvär (Veps), Svir - Свирь (Russian), Syväri (Finnish, Karelian)
Świna		Svina (Czech), Swina (Pomeranian), Świna (Polish), Swine (German)

T

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Taff		Taf (Welsh, Breton)
Tagliamento		Dülmende (medieval German), Tagliamento (Italian), Tajamento (Venetian), Tiliaventum (Latin), Tiliment or Taiament (Friulian), Tilment (Croatian)
Tagus		Taach (Frisian), Taag (Dutch), Tachas (Lithuanian), Tacho (Aragonese), Tag (Polish), Tage (Old Catalan, French, Occitan), Tago (Italian), Tagos - Ταγος (Ancient Greek), Tagus (Latin), Taho - Тахо (Russian), Tajo (Spanish, Basque, Catalan, German), Teijo (Mirandese), Tejo (Portuguese), Teju (Extremaduran), Texo (Galician),
Tana		Deatnu (Northern Sami), Tana or Tanaelva (Norwegian), Tana älv (Swedish), Tana - Тана (Russian), Teno or Tenojoki (Finnish)
Tara		Autarius, Tarus (Greek, Latin), Tara (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian)
Tarn		Tarn (French, Occitan), Tarnis (Latin)
Tay		Tatha (Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Irish), Tava or Taus (Latin), Tay (Scots, Welsh)
Terek		Tergi - თერგი (Georgian), Terek - Терек (Avar, Azerbaijani, Lezgian, Russian), Terk - Терк (Karachay-Balkar, Ossetian), Terka - Теркa (Chechen)
Thames		Riviéthe dé Londres (Norman), Tafwys (Welsh), Tamais (Irish), Tamesa (Latin variant), Tàmesi (Catalan), Tamesis (Latin), Tàmesis - Ταμεσης (Greek), Támesis (Spanish), Tamigi (Italian), Tamisa (Portuguese, Romanian), Tamise (French), Tamiza (Polish), Tavoez (Breton), Teems (Afrikaans, Western Frisian), Temes (Old English), Temese (middle English), Temza (Croatian, Latvian, Slovene), Temza - Темза (Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian), Temze (Hungarian), Temže (Czech), Thaimish (Manx), Theems (Dutch), Thems (Low German, West Flemish), Themse (German), Themsen (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish)
Thaya		Dyja (Polish), Dyje (Czech, Slovak), Thaya (German, French, Hungarian, Italian)
Thielle		Thièle or Thielle (French), Zihl (German)
Thyamis		Glykys - Γλυκύς (alternative Greek name), Kalamai (Albanian), Kalamas - Καλαμάς (alternative Greek, German), Thiamis (French), Thyamis - Θύαμις (Greek), Tíamis (Spanish), Tijamis (Serbian)
Tiber		Albula and Rumon (former Latin names), Téivie (Ligurian), Tever (Lombard), Tevere (Italian, Corsican, Hungarian, Maltese), Tèviri (Sicilian), Tibar (Friulian, Serbian), Tiber (Latin, Afrikaans, Dutch, German, Spanish, Turkish), Tíber (Catalan), Tibera (Czech, Slovene), Tiberen (Danish), Tiberis - Τιβερης (Greek), Tibern (Swedish), Tibir (Irish), Tibr - Тибр (Russian), Tibr - Тібр (Ukrainian), Tibra (Latvian), Tibre (French, Portuguese), Tibru (Romanian), Tyber (Polish), Tyberis (Latin variant)
Ticino		Tesin (Piedmontese, alternative Lombard), Tesino (Spanish), Tessin (Alemannish, French, German), Ticino (Italian, Romansh), Ticinus (Latin), Tisin (Lombard, Venetian), Tzich or Tisen (Ticino dialect of Lombard)
Timiș		Tamiš - Тамиш (Serbian), Temes (Hungarian), Temeš (Czech), Temesch (German), Temesz (Polish), Teyss (archaic English) Thibisis / Thympiscos - Θίβισις / Θυμπισκος (Ancient Greek), Tibiscus / Tibisis (Latin), Timiș (Romanian),
Tisza		Cisa (Polish), Pathissos - Πάθισσος (ancient Greek), Theiß (German), Theiss (older English texts), Tibisco (Italian), Tibisque (older French texts), Tisa (Croatian, Czech, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Turkish), Tisa - Тиса (Serbian, Russian), Tisia, Tissus or Pathissus (Latin), Tisza (Hungarian, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish), Tysa - Тиса (Ukrainian)
Torne		Duortneseatnu (Northern Sami), Torne älv (Swedish), Tornionjoki (Finnish), Tornionväylä (Meänkieli)
Trent		Trisantona (Latin), Terentus or Trehenta (Neolatin)
Trieux		Titus or Tetus (Latin), Trev or Treñv (Breton, Gallo), Trieux (French)
Tuloma		Doallánjohka (Northern Sami), Tuållâmjokk (Skolt Sami), Tuloma (Norwegian), Tuloma - Тулома (Russian), Tuulomajoki (Finnish)
Tundzha		Taenarus / Tonzus (Latin), Tonzos - Τόνζος (Greek), Toundja (French), Tunca (Turkish), Tundja (Romanian), Tundscha (German), Tundzha / Tundža - Тунджа (Bulgarian)
Tweed		Thuaid (Irish), Tuaidh (Scottish Gaelic), Tueda (Latin), Tweed (Welsh), Tweid (Scots)

U

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Ufa		Ӗphü - Ӗпхӳ (Chuvash), Oefa (Dutch), Oufa (French), Karaidel - Караидел (Tatar), Karaizel (Turkish), Qaridhel - Ҡариҙел (Bashkir), Šem Viče - Шем Виче (Mari), Ufa (German, Italian, Spanish), Ufa - Уфа (Russian)
Ume		Ubmejeiednuo (Ume Sami), Ume älv or Umeälven (Swedish, Norwegian), Uumajanjoki (Finnish)
Ural		Âjyǩ - Яйыҡ (Bashkir), Daïkos - Δάϊκος (Ancient Greek), Ğaek - Җаек (Tatar), Jayıq - Жайық (Kazakh), Jayıq (Kara-Kalpak), Oeral (Dutch), Oural (French), Ouralis - Ουράλης (modern Greek), Rhymnus or Iaick (Latin), an Úrail (Irish), Ural (Czech, German, Italian, Spanish), Ural - Урал (Russian), Wral (Welsh), Yaik - Яик (former Russian),
Usa		Oussa (French), Usa - Уса́ (Russian), Ussa (German), Usva - Усва (Komi)
Usk		Isca (Latin), Wysg (Welsh, Breton)
Uzh		Uh (Slovak), Uh - Уг (Ruthenian), Ung (Hungarian), Uzh - Уж (Russian, Ukrainian), Uż (Polish)

V

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Váh		Cusus (Latin variant), Vág (Hungarian), Vaghus (Latin), Vah - Ваг (Ukrainian), Váh (Slovak, Czech, Romanian), Waag (German), Wag (Polish)
Vardar		Axiós - Αξιος (Greek), Axius (Latin), Vardar (Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian, Romanian, Turkish), Vardar or Wardar (German), Vardari (Albanian), Wardar (Polish)
Vechte		(Oeriselske) Fecht (Western Frisian), (Overijsselse) Vecht (Dutch), Vechte (German, Low Saxon)
Vefsna		Vaapstenjeanoe (Southern Sami), Vapstälven (Swedish), Vefsna (Norwegian),
Venta		Vǟnta (Livonian), Venta (Latvian, Lithuanian), Venta - Вента (Russian), Vėnta (Samogitian), Windau (German), Windawa (Polish)
Vetluga		Vetlouga (French), Vetluga - Ветлу́га (Russian), Vütla - Вӱтла (Eastern Mari), Və̈tlä - Вӹтлӓ (Western Mari), Wetluga (German), Wietługa (Polish)
Vienne		Viena (Catalan), Vienne (French), Vigenna or Vingenna (Latin), Vinhana or Viena (Occitan)
Vilaine		Gwilen or Gwilun (Breton, Welsh), Vicinonia, Vicenonia or Visnonia (Latin), Vilaèyn (Gallo), Vilaine (French)
Vindel		Vidduolienuo (Ume Sami), Vindelälven (Swedish, Norwegian),
Vistula		Vaysl - װײַסל (Yiddish), Veiksel (Finnish), an Viostúile (Irish), Visla (Czech, Latvian, Slovak, Slovene), Visla - Вісла (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Visla - Висла (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Vistola (Italian), Vistül (Turkish), Vistula (Latin, Romanian, Swedish variant), Vístula (Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish), Vistule (French), Visztula (Hungarian), Vysla (Lithuanian), Weichsel (German, Swedish variant), Wießel (Low German), Wijsel or Wijssel (Dutch), Wisła (Polish, Swedish variant), Wisła or Visla (Estonian)
Vltava		Fuldaha (medieval Latin (872 AD)), Moldau (Dutch, German, Swedish), Moldva (Hungarian), Moldava (Italian, Spanish), Moldawa (Silesian), Multavia, Moldava or Multa (Latin), Vltava (Czech, Finnish, French, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Swedish), Vltava - Влтава (Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian), Wełtawa (Polish), Wlitaua (Old Czech), Wołtawa (Sorbian), Wultha (medieval Latin (1125 AD))
Volga		Atăl - Атӑл (Chuvash), Edil (Kazakh), İdel - Идел (Tatar), Idhel (Bashkir), İdil (Turkish), Indɨl (Adyghe), Ijil mörön (Oirat), İtil (Karachay-Balkar), Izhil - Ижил (Mongolian), Jezhel Muren - Эжэл мүрэн (Buryat), Jul - Юл (Mari), Rā (Scythian), Rav - Рав (Erzya, Mordvin), Rava - Рава (Mocksha), Rha (Latin), Vl'ga (Church Slavic), Volg (Veps), Volga (Croatian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Slovene, Swedish, Turkish), Volga - Волга (Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian), Volgan (Swedish variant), Vòlgas - Βολγας (Greek), Volha (Czech), Vollga (Albanian), Wolga (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian, German, Turkmen), Wołga (Polish, Silesian)
Volkhov		Olhav (Veps), Olhava (Ingrian), Olhavanjoki (Finnish), Volhova (Latvian), Volhovi jõgi (Estonian), Vóljov (Spanish), Volkhov - Во́лхов (Russian), Wolchow (German), Wołchow (Polish)
Vuoksi		Vuoksa (Norwegian), Vuoksa - Вуокса (Russian), Vuoksen (Swedish), Vuoksi (Finnish, French, German)
Vyatka		Noqrat - Нократ (Tatar), Nuhrat Atăl - Нухрат Атӑл (Chuvash), Vatka - Ватка (Mari, Udmurt), Viatca (Latin), Viatka (French, Spanish), Viče - Виче (Mari), Vjatka (Dutch, Italian), Vyatka - Вя́тка (Russian), Wiatka (Polish), Wjatka (German)
Vychegda		Ežva - Эжва (Komi), Vychegda - Вычегда (Russian), Vytchegda (French), Wytschegda (German)

W

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Waal		Vacalis / Vahalis / Valis (Latin), Valas (Lithuanian), Waal (Dutch, German, Low Saxon, West Frisian), Wahal or Vahal (alternative French), Wål (Walloon), Woal (West Flemish)
Warnow		Chalousos - Χαλοῦσος (Ancient Greek)?, Chalusus (Latin)?, Varnava (Czech), Warnow (German, Polish)
Warta		Varta (Czech, Latin), Warta (Polish), Warthe (German, Swedish)
Werra		Weraha (Neo-Latin), Werra (German)
Weser		Vesdre (French), Vezera (Czech), Vēzere (Latvian), Vėzeris (Lithuanian), Visurgis (Latin), Weeser (Northern Frisian), Werser (Low German), Weser (German, Danish, Western Frisian), Wezer (Dutch), Wezera (Polish)
Wieprz		Vepr - Вепр (Ukrainian, Taraškievica Belarusian), Vepsh (Belarusian, Russian), Vepšas (Lithuanian), Wieprz (Polish)
Wisłok		Vislok - Віслок (Ukrainian), Vyslokas (Lithuanian), Weisslok or Weisslog (German), Wisłok (Polish)
Wkra		Vkra (Lithuanian), Wkra (Polish)
Wupper		Wipper (upper part of river), Wippera (Latin), Wupper (German)
Wye		Gwy (Welsh, Breton), Vaga / Waia (Latin)

Y

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Yantra		Etar (older Bulgarian), Iantra (Romanian), Iatus (Latin), Jantra (German), Yantra - Я̀нтра (Bulgarian), Oszam (Hungarian),
Ybbs		Íbosa (Portuguese), Jivice (Croatian), Ois, Weiße Ois (upper regions), Ybbs (Austro-Bavarian, German)
Yonne		Icaunus (Latin), Yonne (French)
Yser		IJzer (Dutch), Isera (Latin), Izer (Walloon), Yser (French), Yzer (West Flemish)
Yug		Ioug (French), Jug (German, Italian), Yug - Юг (Komi, Russian)

Z

English Name	Countries	Other name(s) or older name(s)
Zeta		Zenta (Greek), Senta (Latin) Zeta (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Albanian)
Zbruch		Sbrutch (German), Zbroutch (French), Zbruč (Czech, Italian), Zbruch - Збруч (Ukrainian), Zbrucz (Polish)
Zenne		Sainna (Latin), Senne (French, German), Sena (Lithuanian), Zenne (Dutch)
Zêzere		Zêzere (Portugues), Zézere (Galician, Mirandese)
Zrmanja		Tedanius (Latin), Zermagna (Italian), Zrmanja (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian)
Zwarte Water		Swarte Wetter (Western Frisian), Zwarte Water (Dutch), Zwärte Wäter (Low Saxon)

References

^ Berounka nebo Mze?(in Czech)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ J. G. Th. Graesse Orbis Latinus, 1909
^ Jean Marie Cassagne et Mariola Korsak, Origine des noms de villes et villages de la Charente, éditions Bordessoules, 1998, p. 72
^ Julius Casear, Civil Wars
^ Ramon Amigó Anglès, L'Albi i els seus noms, 2001 (in Catalan)
^ Annegret Plontke-Lüning, Acampsis in Brill's New Pauly, 2006
^ Braund, Inaishvili & Tezgor, The Akampsis - Tchorokhi - Çoruh: A Frontier and a Navigation Road, 2017
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition 2:757d
^ W. Rickmer Rickmers, "Lazistan and Ajaristan", The Geographical Journal 84:6 (December, 1934), p. 466. at JSTOR
^ Ernest Nègre, Toponymie générale de la France, vol. 1, Librairie Droz, 1990, p. 49.
^ Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147
^ ^a ^b Braund, D. "Places: 226577 (Danuvius/Istros/Hister (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
^ Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 144.
^ Dyer, Robert (1974). "Matoas, the Thraco-Phrygian name for the Danube, and the IE root *madų". Glotta. 52 (1/2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 91. JSTOR 40266286.
^ Pliny the Elder (ca. 178 AD) Naturalis Historia 6.VII
^ Braund, D. "Places: 825398 (Tanais (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ djouiye at Patois Vallée d'Aoste.
^ Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne, Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, Aosta, Imprimerie Catholique, 1907.
^ Sivan, H., R. Mathisen (14 May 2018). "Places: 138334 (Duranius (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Woolf, G. "Places: 177508 (Dubis (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Haley, E. "Places: 236455 (Durius (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Pliny the Elder (78 AD) Naturalis Historia 3.147.1
^ Šašel Kos, M., P. Kos. "Places: 197253 (Dravus (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Wilkes, J. "Places: 481815 (Drilon (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Strabo, ca. 10 AD, Geography 4.1.3
^ Loseby, S. "Places: 148069 (Druentia (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ "Lagan" in Nationalencyklopedin multimedia plus, 2000
^ Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. Reitzenstein: Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. C.H.Beck, München 2006, ISBN 3-406-55206-4, page 152
^ Ernst Förstemann: Altdeutsches Namenbuch, Bd. 2: Ortsnamen. Nordhausen 1859. S. 889.
^ Walter Steinhauser: Der Name der Leitha und die Hunnenschlacht am Nedao. In: Jahrbuch für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich. NF 36, Bd. 2, Wien 1964
^ L. Toorians (2005), De etymologie van Dorestat, p. 49, Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht 2005, ISBN 90-71108-24-4
^ "A List of the Latin Names of Places in Great Britain and Ireland". Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
^ "The River Liffey, its ancient name". Irisharchaeology.ie. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ Albrecht Greule: Vor- und frühgermanische Flussnamen am Oberrhein. Ein Beitrag zur Gewässernamengebung des Elsass, der Nordschweiz und Südbadens. Winter, Heidelberg 1973, pp. 129–132.
^ "Toponomastica: denominazioni ufficiali in lingua friulana". Arlef.it. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ Hellquist, Elof (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Stockholm: Gleerups förlag. p. 416.
^ ^a ^b Wahlberg, Mats (2003): Svenskt ortnamnslexikon. Uppsala: Språk- och Folkminnesinst.
^ Dictionnaire Topographique de la Sarthe, p. 137
^ ^a ^b Fabien Régnier, Jean-Pierre Drouin, Les peuples fondateurs à l'origine de la Gaule, édition Yoran Embanner, 2014, page 818,ISBN 978-2914855945
^ ^a ^b Carsten Peust, How Old Are the River Names of Europe? A Glottochronological Approach, Linguistik Online, 2015
^ Språktidningen 2008/2: Älvar på samiska]
^ Explanation at Legia Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, an Iron Age study group named after the river
^ ^a ^b Baltic languages add declensions to and change the spelling of foreign proper nouns to suit grammatical and phonetic requirements and therefore nearly always appear to name rivers differently.
^ Pomponius Mela, 3,30: De Chorographia 3,30 amnium in alias gentes exeuntium Danuvius et Rhodanus, in Rhenum Moenis et Lupia, in oceanum Amissis, Visurgis et Albis clarissimi
^ ^a ^b Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages (1981, p. 351). Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9789535172611.
^ Mills, A D (1998). A dictionary of English place-names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-19-280074-4.
^ Haselgrove, C., J. Kunow. "Places: 109039 (Helinium (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Brian Campbell, Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome, Appendix 2: Navigable Rivers according to Ancient Authors, pp 405-10, UNC Press Books, 2012
^ Dragoş Moldovanu, Etimologia Hidronimului Moldova, Editura Academiei 1981-82 (in Romanian)
Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, The A to Z of Moldova, Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 240
^ Gerros (river) at pleaiades.stoa.org
^ The only mention appears by Livius, who gave this name to the river formed by the confluence of the Barbana (=Bojana) and Clausula (the arm of the Drin joining Bojana). See, for example, Barbana in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.
^ Annals of Fulda [1]
^ Albrecht Greule, Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, page 338
^ ^a ^b Wilkes, J. "Places: 207268 (Margus (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Herodotus, The Histories, 4.49
^ Musalla on the Tabula Peutingeriana
^ ^a ^b Albrecht Greule, Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, page 363
^ Robert Ferguson, The River-Names of Europe, Williams & Norgate, 1862
^ Novak, Vilko. 2006. Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, pp. 262, 269.
^ Wilkes, J. "Places: 207269 (Maris(os) (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Friedrich Umlauft (1886) Geographisches Namenbuch von Österreich-Ungarn: eine Erklärung von Länder-, Völker-, Gau-, Berg-, Fluss- und Ortsnamen. A. Hölder, 1886, p. 53.
^ In the Treaty of Meerssen (text (p. 3))
^ Smith, A. H. (1962). The Place-names of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141.

External links

Place names of Europe

[1] Berounka nebo Mze?(in Czech)

[Gr-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ J. G. Th. Graesse Orbis Latinus, 1909

[3] Jean Marie Cassagne et Mariola Korsak, Origine des noms de villes et villages de la Charente, éditions Bordessoules, 1998, p. 72

[4] Julius Casear, Civil Wars

[5] Ramon Amigó Anglès, L'Albi i els seus noms, 2001 (in Catalan)

[6] Annegret Plontke-Lüning, Acampsis in Brill's New Pauly, 2006

[7] Braund, Inaishvili & Tezgor, The Akampsis - Tchorokhi - Çoruh: A Frontier and a Navigation Road, 2017

[8] Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition 2:757d

[9] W. Rickmer Rickmers, "Lazistan and Ajaristan", The Geographical Journal 84:6 (December, 1934), p. 466. at JSTOR

[10] Ernest Nègre, Toponymie générale de la France, vol. 1, Librairie Droz, 1990, p. 49.

[11] Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147

[latdanube-12] Braund, D. "Places: 226577 (Danuvius/Istros/Hister (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 20, 2018.

[13] Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 144.

[14] Dyer, Robert (1974). "Matoas, the Thraco-Phrygian name for the Danube, and the IE root *madų". Glotta. 52 (1/2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 91. JSTOR 40266286.

[15] Pliny the Elder (ca. 178 AD) Naturalis Historia 6.VII

[16] Braund, D. "Places: 825398 (Tanais (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[17] uiye at Patois Vallée d'Aoste.

[18] Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne, Dictionnaire du patois valdôtain, Aosta, Imprimerie Catholique, 1907.

[19] Sivan, H., R. Mathisen (14 May 2018). "Places: 138334 (Duranius (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[20] Woolf, G. "Places: 177508 (Dubis (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[21] Haley, E. "Places: 236455 (Durius (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[22] Pliny the Elder (78 AD) Naturalis Historia 3.147.1

[23] Šašel Kos, M., P. Kos. "Places: 197253 (Dravus (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[24] Wilkes, J. "Places: 481815 (Drilon (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[25] Strabo, ca. 10 AD, Geography 4.1.3

[26] Loseby, S. "Places: 148069 (Druentia (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[27] "Lagan" in Nationalencyklopedin multimedia plus, 2000

[28] Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. Reitzenstein: Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. C.H.Beck, München 2006, ISBN 3-406-55206-4, page 152

[29] Ernst Förstemann: Altdeutsches Namenbuch, Bd. 2: Ortsnamen. Nordhausen 1859. S. 889.

[30] Walter Steinhauser: Der Name der Leitha und die Hunnenschlacht am Nedao. In: Jahrbuch für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich. NF 36, Bd. 2, Wien 1964

[31] L. Toorians (2005), De etymologie van Dorestat, p. 49, Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht 2005, ISBN 90-71108-24-4

[brit-32] "A List of the Latin Names of Places in Great Britain and Ireland". Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2017-11-26.

[33] "The River Liffey, its ancient name". Irisharchaeology.ie. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2018-12-04.

[34] Albrecht Greule: Vor- und frühgermanische Flussnamen am Oberrhein. Ein Beitrag zur Gewässernamengebung des Elsass, der Nordschweiz und Südbadens. Winter, Heidelberg 1973, pp. 129–132.

[35] "Toponomastica: denominazioni ufficiali in lingua friulana". Arlef.it. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2018-12-04.

[36] Hellquist, Elof (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Stockholm: Gleerups förlag. p. 416.

[wahl-37] Wahlberg, Mats (2003): Svenskt ortnamnslexikon. Uppsala: Språk- och Folkminnesinst.

[38] Dictionnaire Topographique de la Sarthe, p. 137

[peuples-39] Fabien Régnier, Jean-Pierre Drouin, Les peuples fondateurs à l'origine de la Gaule, édition Yoran Embanner, 2014, page 818,ISBN 978-2914855945

[peust-40] Carsten Peust, How Old Are the River Names of Europe? A Glottochronological Approach, Linguistik Online, 2015

[41] Språktidningen 2008/2: Älvar på samiska]

[42] Explanation at Legia Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, an Iron Age study group named after the river

[baltic-43] Baltic languages add declensions to and change the spelling of foreign proper nouns to suit grammatical and phonetic requirements and therefore nearly always appear to name rivers differently.

[44] Pomponius Mela, 3,30: De Chorographia 3,30 amnium in alias gentes exeuntium Danuvius et Rhodanus, in Rhenum Moenis et Lupia, in oceanum Amissis, Visurgis et Albis clarissimi

[georg-45] Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages (1981, p. 351). Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9789535172611.

[46] Mills, A D (1998). A dictionary of English place-names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-19-280074-4.

[47] Haselgrove, C., J. Kunow. "Places: 109039 (Helinium (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[rpar-48] Brian Campbell, Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome, Appendix 2: Navigable Rivers according to Ancient Authors, pp 405-10, UNC Press Books, 2012

[49] Dragoş Moldovanu, Etimologia Hidronimului Moldova, Editura Academiei 1981-82 (in Romanian)
Andrei Brezianu, Vlad Spânu, The A to Z of Moldova, Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 240

[50] Gerros (river) at pleaiades.stoa.org

[51] The only mention appears by Livius, who gave this name to the river formed by the confluence of the Barbana (=Bojana) and Clausula (the arm of the Drin joining Bojana). See, for example, Barbana in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.

[52] Annals of Fulda [1]

[53] Albrecht Greule, Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, page 338

[morava-54] Wilkes, J. "Places: 207268 (Margus (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[heromora-55] Herodotus, The Histories, 4.49

[56] Musalla on the Tabula Peutingeriana

[dg363-57] Albrecht Greule, Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, page 363

[ferg-58] Robert Ferguson, The River-Names of Europe, Williams & Norgate, 1862

[59] Novak, Vilko. 2006. Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, pp. 262, 269.

[60] Wilkes, J. "Places: 207269 (Maris(os) (river))". Pleiades. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[61] Friedrich Umlauft (1886) Geographisches Namenbuch von Österreich-Ungarn: eine Erklärung von Länder-, Völker-, Gau-, Berg-, Fluss- und Ortsnamen. A. Hölder, 1886, p. 53.

[62] In the Treaty of Meerssen (text (p. 3))

[epns-63] Smith, A. H. (1962). The Place-names of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141.

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