Jump to content

List of Christmas dishes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Christmas dish)

Albania

[edit]

Andorra

[edit]

American Samoa (U.S.), Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]
Vitello tonnato is a popular Christmas dish in Argentina, where it is known as vitel toné. The Piedmontese dish is valued during the summer for its cold serving temperature, and is the legacy of the large Italian immigration to the country.[1]

Panettone (known locally as pan dulce) and turrón are the most popular Christmas sweets in Argentina regardless of socioeconomic status, with 76% of Argentines choosing the former and 59% the latter in 2015.[2] Mantecol, a typical peanut dessert, is also popular, being favored by 49% of Argentines in the same survey.[3] Sparkling wines, ciders and frizzantes concentrate most of their sales during Christmas season; sparkling wine is mostly consumed by small families with high and medium socioeconomic status living in Greater Buenos Aires and the country's largest cities, while cider and frizzantes are popular among lower classes and large families.[3]

Australia

[edit]
Candy Cane can be hung as edible decorations.

Austria and Liechtenstein

[edit]

Bangladesh

[edit]

Belarus

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]

Brazil

[edit]

Canada

[edit]
Gingerbread house

Chile

[edit]
Pan de pascua

China and Taiwan

[edit]

Colombia

[edit]
Colombian Buñuelos
Colombian natilla

Colombian Christmas dishes are mostly sweets and desserts. Some of the most popular dishes include:

  • Buñuelos
  • Natilla
  • Manjar blanco
  • Hojaldres
  • Brevas (Candied figs with cheese)
  • Christmas cookies
  • Sweet bread filled with fruits like raisins and raspberries.
  • Lechona (rice baked inside a pig, with peas, the meat of the pig and other delicacies)
  • Tamales
  • Ponqué envinado (red wine cake)
  • Turkey
  • Pernil de Cerdo (pork leg, usually roasted)
  • Potato salad
  • Panettone

Cuba

[edit]

Czech Republic and Slovakia

[edit]
Christmas cookies (vánoční cukroví)

Before the Christmas holidays, many kinds of sweet biscuits are prepared. These sweet biscuits are then served during the whole Christmas period and exchanged among friends and neighbours. Also very popular are a preparation of small gingerbreads garnished by sugar icing.

Denmark

[edit]
Danish Christmas meal
  • Æbleskiver – traditional Danish dough ball made in a special pan (a type of doughnut with no hole), sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with raspberry or strawberry jam
  • Sylte – a form of head cheese, a terrine or meat jelly made from pork, traditionally pig's head was used
  • Julesild – spiced pickled herring often flavoured with Christmas spices such as cloves and allspice
  • Boiled whole potatoes
  • Brun sovs (brown sauce) – a traditional dark gravy, used to cover meat dishes like roasted pork and duck (flæskesteg, andesteg) and the boiled potato
  • Brunede kartofler – caramelised potatoes
  • Julebryg – Christmas beer[24]
  • Gløggmulled red wine combined with spices, sugar, raisins and chopped almonds typically served warm
  • Risalamanderice pudding. A dish made from rice, whipped cream and almonds, served cold with cherry sauce (kirsebærsauce)[25][26]
  • Flæskesteg – roast pork with cracklings
  • Andesteg – roast duck with apple and prune stuffing
  • Rødkål – red cabbage pickled, sweet-sour red cabbage served hot as a side dish
  • Christmas cookies – Vaniljekranse, klejner, jødekager, pebernødder, honningkager, brunkager and finskbrød
  • Konfekt, marzipan, caramelised fruits, nougat and chocolate-covered nuts
  • Ground nuts

Dominican Republic

[edit]

Drinks:

Desserts:

  • Buñuelos – fried cassava dough balls covered in spiced flavored syrup
  • Turrón – honey and almond nougat. Tradition from Spain
  • Vaniljekranse – Danish butter cookies
  • Fruits and nuts – a variety of nuts, fresh, and dried fruit

Estonia

[edit]
  • Hapukapsas
  • Mulgi kapsad
  • Piparkook
  • Sült
  • Verivorst

Finland

[edit]
A Karelian pasty
Mulled wine

Christmas smorgasbord from Finland, "Joulupöytä", (translated "Yule table"), a traditional display of Christmas food[27] served at Christmas in Finland, similar to the Swedish smörgåsbord, including:

Other meat dishes could be:

Desserts:

  • Rice pudding or rice porridge topped with cinnamon, sugar and cold milk or with mixed fruit soup (riisipuuro)
  • Joulutorttu, traditionally a star-shaped piece of puff-pastry with prune marmalade in the middle
  • Gingerbread,[27] sometimes in the form of a gingerbread house or gingerbread man (piparkakut)
  • Mixed fruit soup or prune soup, kissel (sekahedelmäkiisseli, luumukiisseli)

Drinks:

  • Glögg or mulled wine (glögi)
  • Christmas beer (Jouluolut); local manufacturers produce Christmas varieties[28]
  • "Home beer" (non-alcoholic beer-like drink, similar to the Russian beverage kvass) (kotikalja)

France

[edit]
Foie gras en cocotte

Germany

[edit]
A Christmas Stollen

Greece and Cyprus

[edit]

Greenland

[edit]

Guatemala

[edit]
  • Tamales
  • Ponche (Christmas fruit punch served hot with much fruit)
  • pavo (turkey)
  • Buñuelos (fluffy sweet dessert made with corn with maple syrup)
  • chicken (prepared with different stuffings and accompanied with various side dishes such as salads or rice)

Haiti

[edit]

Hong Kong and Macau

[edit]

Hungary

[edit]
Töltött káposzta

Iceland

[edit]
Möndlugrautur
  • Hamborgarhryggur – a smoked, cured pork roast.
  • Lambalæri - heated or smoked sheep meat from a sheep's foot.
  • Ptarmigan – gamebird in the grouse family
  • Hangikjöt
  • Oven-roasted turkey
  • Beverage combination of Malt and Appelsín.
  • Jarðarberjagrautur
  • Möndlugrautur – a Christmas rice pudding with an almond hidden inside (the same as the Swedish Julgröt)
  • Caramelised potatoes
  • Pickled red cabbage
  • Smákökur – small cookies of various sorts
    • Jólasúkkulaðibitakökur
    • Loftkökur
    • Mömmukökur
    • Sörur
    • Spesiur
    • Gyðingakökur
    • Piparkökur
    • Marens Kornflexkökur
  • Laufabrauð – round, very thin flat cakes with a diameter of about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches), decorated with leaf-like, geometric patterns and fried briefly in hot fat or oil

India and Pakistan

[edit]

Indian Christians and Pakistani Christians in Indian subcontinent celebrate Christmas by enjoying several dishes, such as Allahabadi cake, Candy canes, Plum cakes etc. Some of the popular dishes eaten during Christmas in India and Pakistan are:

Church services are also held in churches throughout India and Pakistan, in which Christmas dinners are held which include dishes such as Allahabadi cake, candy canes, christmas cookies.

The Koswad is a set of sweets and snacks prepared in the Christmastide by people of the Konkan region. South Indian states such as Kerala have traditions observed of home-brewed wine, mostly grapes but sometimes other fruits as well like Apple & Rose Apple; ethnic recipes of slow-cooked beef fry, Rice & Coconut Hoppers, Lamb stew, Fried Rice Indian and Fusion Style; Desserts such as Falooda, pastry, and a whole array of steamed, boiled or baked sweets, often with coconut, jaggery, sugar and spices such as cardamom & cloves (Achappam, Murukku, Tapioca chip, Sukiyan, Neyyappam).

Indonesia

[edit]

Iran

[edit]

Iraq

[edit]

Ireland

[edit]

Israel

[edit]

Italy

[edit]
Panettone
Cappelletti
Abbacchio
Struffoli

Christmas in Italy (Italian: Natale, Italian: [naˈtaːle]) begins on 8 December, with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the day on which traditionally the Christmas tree is mounted and ends on 6 January, of the following year with the Epiphany (Italian: Epifania, Italian: [epifaˈniːa]).[40] According to tradition, the Christmas Eve dinner must not contain meat. A popular Christmas Day dish in Naples and in Southern Italy is capitone, which is a female eel. A traditional Christmas Day dish from Northern Italy is capon (gelded chicken). Abbacchio is more common in Central Italy.[41] The Christmas Day dinner traditionally consists by typical Italian Christmas dishes, such as abbacchio, agnolini, cappelletti, Pavese agnolotti, panettone, pandoro, torrone, panforte, struffoli, mustacciuoli, bisciola, cavallucci, veneziana, pizzelle, zelten, or others, depending on the regional cuisine.[42] Christmas on 25 December is celebrated with a family lunch, also consisting of different types of pasta and meat dishes, cheese and local sweets.

Jamaica

[edit]
  • Christmas (fruit) cake or black cake – a heavy fruit cake made with dried fruit, wine and rum.
  • Sorrel – often served to guests with Christmas cake; Sorrel is made from the same sepals as Latin American drink "Jamaica," but is more concentrated and usually flavored with ginger. Adding rum is traditional at Christmas time.
  • Curry goat
  • Rice and peas – a Sunday staple, at Christmas dinner is usually made with green (fresh) gungo (pigeon) peas instead of dried kidney beans or other dried legumes.
  • Christmas ham
  • Chicken
  • Pine and ginger

Japan

[edit]
  • Christmas cake – the Japanese style Christmas cake is often a white cream cake, sponge cake frosted with whipped cream, topped with strawberries and with a chocolate plate that says Merry Christmas.[51] Yule Logs are also available.
  • Christmas cookies - A Christmas sugar cookie's main ingredients are sugar, flour, butter, eggs, vanilla, and baking powder. Sugar cookies may be formed by hand, dropped, or rolled and cut into shapes. They are commonly decorated with additional sugar, icing, Christmas sprinkles. Decorative shapes and figures can be cut into the rolled-out dough using a cookie cutter.
  • Christmas cupcakes
  • Crème caramel pudding in Japan - a crème caramel ubiquitous in Japanese convenience stores under the name custard pudding. Made with eggs, sugar and milk, sometimes served with whipped cream and a cherry on top.
  • French fries
  • Fruit parfait - Made by boiling cream, egg, sugar and syrup to create layers differentiated by the inclusion of such ingredients as corn flakes and vanilla ice cream. Topped with melon, banana, peach, orange, apple, kiwi, cherries and strawberries and whipped cream.
  • Gingerbread house
  • Ice cream
  • KFC fried chicken – turkey as a dish is virtually unknown in Japan[52] and the popularity of KFC's fried chicken at Christmas is such that orders are placed as much as two months in advance.[53]
  • Nabemono
  • Poached egg salad
  • Shōyu ramen
  • Tamagoyaki - Japanese Omelette
  • Yakiniku

Korea

[edit]

Lithuania

[edit]
  • Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper – twelve dishes representing the twelve Apostles or twelve months of the year – plays the main role in Lithuanian Christmas tradition. The traditional dishes are served on December 24.

Malaysia

[edit]

Malta

[edit]
  • Panettone – from the Italian tradition
  • Fruitcake – from British Influence
  • Christmas/Yule log (cake) – a log (similar to a tree's) that is made from chocolate and candied fruits
  • Mince Pies – from British Influence
  • Timpana – traditionally served as a starter
  • Roast Turkey – from British Influence

Mexico

[edit]
Christmas roast
  • Meat
    • Roasted turkey – stuffed, roasted turkey served with gravy.
    • Glazed ham – ham glazed with honey or sugar dressed with cherries and pineapples.
    • Jamón (Spanish Dry-Cured Ham)
    • Lechon
    • Seafood
      • Bacalao – cod Basque style. Traditionally eaten in the central and southern states of Mexico.
      • Shrimp – cocktail or prepared in Torrejas (dried shrimp pancakes)
      • Octopus – cocktail
      • Crab
  • Stews
    • Menudo – a Christmas morning tradition in northwestern states, Menudo is a tripe and hominy soup. Menudo is often prepared the night before (Christmas Eve) as its cooking time can take up to 5 hours.
    • Pozole – hominy soup with added pork
  • Salads & other side dishes
    • Tamales – can sometimes replace the traditional turkey or Bacalao with romeritos, particularly in northern and southern parts of Mexico.
    • Ensalada Navideña – Christmas salad with apples, raisins, pecans, and marshmallows.
    • Ensalada de Noche Buena – Christmas Eve salad
    • Ensalada Rusa – potato salad, particularly popular in northern states.
    • Romeritos – also a Christmas tradition of the central region, romeritos are small green leaves similar to Rosemary mixed generally with mole and potatoes.
  • Sweets
  • Fresh Fruit
  • Drinks

Netherlands

[edit]

New Zealand

[edit]
A homemade Christmas pavlova decorated with pomegranate seeds and Chantilly cream.

Norway

[edit]
Scandinavian-style gingerbread

Palestine

[edit]

Panama

[edit]

Paraguay

[edit]

Philippines

[edit]
Typical traditional noche buena meal in the Philippines, with a lechón as the centerpiece
Large bibingka from the Philippines

Poland

[edit]

On 24 December, Christmas Eve, twelve dishes are served as a reminder of the Twelve Apostles. Polish people often do not eat meat on this day; instead, they choose from a variety of fish and vegetable dishes. The meal begins when the first star is seen.

Barszcz with Uszka
Makowiec

Portugal

[edit]
Bolo-Rei
  • Bacalhau – codfish
  • Cabrito assado – roasted goat
  • Borrego assado – roasted lamb
  • Polvo cozido – boiled octopus
  • Polvo à lagareiro - dish based on octopus, olive oil, potatoes (batatas a murro), grelos and garlic.[56][57][58]
  • Carne de Vinha d' Alhos – mainly served in Madeira – pork dish
  • Bolo de mel – mainly served in Madeira - Cake made with molasses
  • Bolo Rei (king cake) – a beautifully decorated fluffy fruitcake
  • Bolo-Rei escangalhado (broken king cake) – it is like the first one, but has also cinnamon and chilacayote jam (doce de gila)
  • Bolo-Rainha (queen cake) – similar to Bolo-Rei, but with only nuts, raisins and almonds
  • Bolo-Rei de chocolate – it is like the Bolo-Rei, but has less (or no) fruit, nuts, chilacayote jam and many chocolate chips
  • Broa castelar – a small, soft and thin cake made of sweet potato and orange
  • Fatias douradas – slices of pan bread, soaked in egg with sugar, fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar and cinnamon
  • Rabanadas – they are like fatias douradas, but made with common bread
  • Aletria – composed of pasta, milk, butter, sugar, eggs, lemon peel, cinnamon powder and salt
  • Formigos – a delicious dessert made with sugar, eggs, pieces of bread, almonds, port wine and cinnamon powder
  • Filhós / Filhozes / Filhoses – depending on the region, they may be thin or fluffy pieces of a fried dough made of eggs, honey, orange, lemon, flour and anise, sprinkled - or not with icing sugar
  • Coscorões – thin squares of a fried orange flavoured dough
  • Azevias de grão, batata-doce ou gila – deep fried thin dough pastries filled with a delicious cream made of chickpea, sweet potato or chilacayote, powdered with sugar and cinnamon
  • Tarte de amêndoa – almond pie
  • Tronco de Natal – Christmas log – a Swiss roll, resembling a tree's trunk, filled with chocolate cream, decorated with chocolate and mini – 2 cm Christmas trees
  • Lampreia de ovos – a sweet made of eggs, well decorated
  • Sonhos – an orange flavoured fried yeast dough, powdered with icing sugar
  • Velhoses – they are like the sonhos, but made with pumpkin
  • Bolo de Natal – Christmas cake
  • Pudim de Natal – Christmas pudding, similar to flan
  • Vinho quente – mulled wine made with boiled wine, egg yolk, sugar and cinnamon
  • Turkey – on the island of Terceira, turkey has recently taken over as the traditional Christmas dish over Bacalhau, due to the influence of American culture on the island, home to the United States Air Force's 65th Air Base Wing.

Puerto Rico (U.S.)

[edit]
  • Arroz con gandules – yellow-rice, pigeon peas, olives, capers, pieces of pork, spices and sofrito cooked in the same pot.
  • Escabeche – pickled green bananas or cassava and chicken gizzards.
  • Macaroni salad – with canned tuna and peppers.
  • Morcilla – blood sausage.
  • Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamle made from milk, broth, root vegetables, squash, green banana, plantain dough, stuffed with meat, and wrapped in banana leaves.
  • Hallaca – tamale made from grated cassava and stuffed with meat wrapped in banana leaves.
  • Pastelón – sweet plantain "lasagna".
  • Pig roast – Puerto Rico is famous for their pig roast. It is also a part (along with arroz con gandules) of their national dish.
  • Potato salad – most commonly made with apples, chorizo and hard-boiled eggs. Potatoes are sometimes replaced with cassava.

Drinks:

  • Bilí – Spanish limes or cherries fermented in rum with spices, brown sugar, citrus peels, bay leaves, avocado leaves, often cucumber, ginger, and coconut shells.
  • Coquito – spiced coconut eggnog.
  • Coquito de guayaba - spiced guava eggnog with cream cheese or coconut milk added.
  • Piña colada
  • Rum punch – rum, orange liqueur, grenadine, ginger ale, grapefruit juice served with fruit, lemon and lime slices.
  • La Danza – champagne with passion fruit juice, orange liqueur, lime juice, lemon juice, and strawberry juice.

Dessert:

  • Arroz con dulce – Spiced coconut and raisin rice pudding.
  • Bread pudding – soaked in coconut milk and served with a guava rum sauce.
  • Dulce de cassabanana – musk cucumber cooked in syrup topped with walnuts and sour cream on the side.
  • Dulce de papaya con queso – Fermented green papaya with spices and sugar syrup served with ausubal cheese or fresh white cheese.
  • Flancocho – Crème caramel with a layer of cream cheese and Puerto Rican style spongecake underneath.
  • Majarete – rice and coconut custard. Made with coconut cream, marshmallows, milk, rice flour, sugar, vanilla and sour orange leaves with cinnamon served on top.
  • Rum cake
  • Tembleque – a pudding made with cornstarch, coconut cream, sugar, milk, orange blossom water and coconut milk.
  • Turrón – Sesame brittle or almond brittle.
  • Mantecaditos – Puerto Rican shortbread cookies. Made with shortening, coconut butter, flour, almond flour, vanilla, nutmeg and almond extract. They are usually filled with guava jam or pineapple jam in the middle.
  • Natilla – Milk, coconut cream and egg yolk custard made with additional cinnamon, cornstarch, sugar, vanilla, lemon zest and orange blossom water. Served in individual ramekins with cinnamon sprinkled on top.

Romania

[edit]
Cozonac

Romanian Christmas foods are mostly pork-based dishes.[59] Five days before Christmas, Romanians are celebrating the Ignat Day, a religious holy day dedicated to the Holy Martyr Ignatius Theophorus, associated with a practice that takes place especially on villages scattered around the country: the ritual of slaughtering the pigs. And they are using everything from the pigs: from their blood to their ears. Five days later their tables are filled not only with generous pork roasts but also with:

  • Piftiepork jelly, made only with pork meat, vegetables and garlic
  • Lebăr – liver sausages, a local variety of liverwurst
  • Caltaboș – sausages made from organs
  • Cârnaţi – pork-based sausages
  • Sângerete – blood sausages
  • Tobă – head cheese made from various cuttings of pork, liver boiled, diced and "packed" in pork stomach like a salami
  • Sarmale – rolls of cabbage pickled in brine and filled with meat and rice (see sarma)
  • Salată de boeuf – a more recent dish, but highly popular, this type of salad uses boiled vegetables and meat (beef, poultry, even ham). It can include potatoes, carrots, pickled red peppers and cucumbers, egg whites bits. Everything is mixed together with mayonnaise and mustard.
  • Cozonac, the Romanian equivalent of panettone or sweet bread.
  • Strong spirits: Palinka, Rachiu, Ţuică

Russia

[edit]

San Marino

[edit]
Bustrengo

Serbia

[edit]
  • Česnica – Christmas soda bread with a silver coin to bring health and good luck baked in the bread.
  • Koljivo – boiled wheat which is used liturgically in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches.
  • Riblja čorba for Christmas Eve

South Africa

[edit]

Christmas is in the summer in South Africa, so many summer fruits such as watermelon and cantaloupes are enjoyed at this time. Popular desserts include trifle, melktert and peppermint crisp tart. Many people in South Africa hold Braai barbecues for Christmas or New Year's Day.

Spain

[edit]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]
Julbord Christmas dinner in Sweden

Switzerland

[edit]

Trinidad and Tobago

[edit]

In Trinidad and Tobago traditional meals consists of generous helpings of baked ham, pastelles, black fruit cake, sweet breads, along with traditional drinks such as sorrel, ginger beer, and ponche de crème. The ham is the main item on the Christmas menu with sorrel to accompany it.[66][67]

Ukraine

[edit]

Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians in Ukraine traditionally have two Christmas dinners. The first is a Lent Dinner, it is held on the January 6 and should consist of meatless dishes. The second is a Christmas Festive dinner held on January 7, when the meat dishes and alcohol are already allowed on the table. The dinner normally has 12 dishes which represent Jesus's 12 disciples. Both Christmas dinners traditionally include a number of authentic Ukrainian dishes, which have over thousand-year history and date back to pagan times.

United Kingdom

[edit]
Christmas pudding

In the United Kingdom, what is now regarded as the traditional meal consists of roast turkey with cranberry sauce, served with roast potatoes and parsnips and other vegetables, followed by Christmas pudding, a heavy steamed pudding made with dried fruit, suet, and very little flour. Other roast meats may be served, and in the nineteenth century the traditional roast was goose. The same carries over to Ireland with some variations.

United States

[edit]
Roast turkey
Christmas ham

See also: Thanksgiving (the dishes tend to be similar)

Venezuela

[edit]
Hallaca
  • Hallaca – rectangle-shaped meal made of maize, filled with beef, pork, chicken, olives, raisins and caper, and wrapped in plantain leaves and boiled to cook.
  • Pan de jamón – ham-filled bread with olives and raisins and often sliced cheese.
  • Dulce de lechosa – dessert made of cooked sliced unripe papaya in reduced sugar syrup
  • Ensalada de gallina – salad made of potato, carrot, apple and shredded chicken (hen usually home or locally raised as opposed to store bought chicken)
  • Pernil[90] – commonly referred to as roast pork

Vietnam

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Fumarola, Leonardo (December 17, 2015). "Vitel toné: la receta de un clásico para las Fiestas" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d "Armar la mesa de Navidad costará hasta un 37% más caro que hace un año". El Cronista (in Spanish). December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "¿Qué dulces no pueden faltar en estas fiestas?" (in Spanish). Kantar Worldpanel. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  4. ^ "Receta del Vitel Thoné de Argentina" (in Spanish). SaborGourmet.com. November 9, 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  5. ^ "Vitel toné" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. June 16, 2005. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Juicio a la mesa de Navidad: los platos típicos tienen el doble de calorías y cuestan 70% más" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  7. ^ "Navidad y los excesos en las comidas" (in Spanish). Cocineros Argentinos. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  8. ^ "El abecé del mejor pan dulce" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. December 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  9. ^ "Dos extraños al frente del asado de Navidad" (in Spanish). Clarín.com. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Canasta navideña cuesta $281 pesos según informe del ISEPCI" (in Spanish). Momarandu.com. December 22, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d "Calcule cuánto cuesta su canasta navideña". La Nación (in Spanish). Lanacion.com. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  12. ^ "Comida navideña con sabor solidario" (in Spanish). Larioja.com. December 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  13. ^ "La carne lo más caro del menú navideño". El Tribuno (in Spanish). December 10, 2012. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d "Mesa navideña: cada año el mismo dilema" (in Spanish). Diario Popular. December 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  15. ^ a b c "El sándwich de miga encarece la mesa navideña" (in Spanish). La Gaceta. December 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  16. ^ a b c d "Christmas season celebrations in Australia". Culture and Recreation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-04-08. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  17. ^ a b "Santa's Net: Recipes". Santas.net. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  18. ^ "Christmas Damper from Australia". Santas.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  19. ^ "Typical Aussie Christmas - top 5 things you didn't know- La Trobe University international news". 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Recipe for Egg Nog for Christmas There is nothing that makes Christmas feel more special like a glass of egg nog!". Luv-a-Duck. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  21. ^ Florence Fadier-Rotsaert. "Thème: Histoire de rond et de cougnou" (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  22. ^ Wombat, Missy. "Cola De Mono (Tail of the Monkey)". Recipezaar.com. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  23. ^ Blazes, Marian. "Chilean Holiday Fruitcake – Pan de Pascua". southamericanfood.about.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  24. ^ "Danish food and drink". University of Southern Denmark. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  25. ^ "Rice pudding". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  26. ^ "Christmas in Europe, Where's Santa?". SourceWire. 2005-12-13. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  27. ^ a b c d e f "Christmas cookbook". thisisFINLAND. Archived from the original on 2011-06-23. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  28. ^ "Jouluoluet testissä - Ruoka.fi". Ruoka.fi (in Finnish). 2012-11-29. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
  29. ^ a b c d "French Christmas: It's all about the food". Expatica. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  30. ^ "French Food & Recipes". Archived from the original on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  31. ^ Eats, Serious. "Jacques Torres on the Bûche de Noël". www.seriouseats.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  32. ^ a b "Christmas traditions in Provence". Provenceweb.fr. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  33. ^ Klaus Stahl/Chris Cave (2006). "It's all Napoleon's Fault - The success story of the Aachen Printe". Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  34. ^ "German Christmas Recipes 2". German.about.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  35. ^ Stradley, Linda (2004). "History of Stollen, Dresden Stollen". Retrieved 2007-03-09. [dead link]
  36. ^ Petropoulou, Maria (19 December 2017). "The 10 + 1 Delicacies To Taste In Greece During Christmas". Greek City Times. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  37. ^ "Cakewalk in Allahabad". The Times of India. 2013-12-15. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  38. ^ "Getting the Christmas cake mix right - Times Of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2013-12-14. Archived from the original on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  39. ^ a b c d "7 Makanan Khas Indonesia yang Disajikan Saat Natal Tiba". Phinemo (in Indonesian). 25 December 2017.
  40. ^ "The Best Christmas Traditions in Italy". Walks of Italy. November 25, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  41. ^ "La triade golosa del Natale italiano: cappone, abbacchio e capitone". lacucinaitaliana.it (in Italian). 19 December 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  42. ^ "Food: Italian Christmas Eve Fish Dinner". Sicilian Culture. December 25, 2002. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
  43. ^ "Panettone or Pandoro: An Italian Christmas Dilemma - Italy". www.lifeinitaly.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  44. ^ "Chi ha inventato il pandoro?". 15 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  45. ^ "Christmas in the kitchen: Tuscan delicacies on the table - turismo.intoscana.it". www.turismo.intoscana.it. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  46. ^ "Christmas in Italy". The Worldwide Gourmet. Archived from the original on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  47. ^ Martiche, Nicole (16 November 2006). "The legend of Panettone". Archived from the original on 14 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  48. ^ "Christmas in Eritrea".
  49. ^ "Negli Usa tutti pazzi per il panettone, è boom vendite". Ansa (in Italian). 4 December 2017.
  50. ^ a b "Christmas in Italy means...bollicine! - BrowsingItaly". 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  51. ^ Kahle, Lynn R.; Chʻung-hyŏn Kim (2006). Creating Images and the Psychology of Marketing Communication. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 0-8058-5216-6.
  52. ^ "An Introduction to Christmas Traditions". BBC. 2005-12-23. Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  53. ^ Whipp, Lindsay (2010-12-20). "All Japan Wants for Christmas is Kentucky Fried Chicken". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  54. ^ a b Galang, Diana A. (2007-12-09). "Culturefront: Christmas Culinary Traditions (Part 1)". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-12-06. [dead link]
  55. ^ a b Burgos, Rowena (2007-12-23). "Yuletide fusion of flavors". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  56. ^ "Polvo à Lagareiro, história e receita". ncultura.pt. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  57. ^ "Polvo à Lagareiro, uma das receitas mais típicas de Portugal". iberismos.com. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  58. ^ "Polvo à Lagareiro". tastebraga.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  59. ^ Vulpescu, Cristina (2019-12-18). "Christmas Foods and Festive Traditions in Romania". SoDelicious.Recipes. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  60. ^ "What are Angulas (Spanish Baby Eels)?". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  61. ^ Mama's Box - Online Spanish food Shop. "The definitive guide to Spanish Christmas food, in 20 delicious & easy recipes". Archived from the original on 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  62. ^ "Julmat - Allt som tillhör ett gott julbord en riktig god julmiddag". Ninasmat.se. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  63. ^ "Tips på recept på Dopp-i-grytan". Matklubben.se. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  64. ^ "Lutfisk med senapssås". Ica.se. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  65. ^ "Christmas Butterscotch (Knäck)". Sveriges Radio. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  66. ^ National Library of Trinidad and Tobago. "CHRISTMAS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO". Archived from the original on 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  67. ^ "CHRISTMAS RECIPES". nalis.gov.tt.
  68. ^ "Uzvar - Ukrainian recipes - for a tasty life". Ukrainian recipes - for a tasty life. Archived from the original on 2018-01-09.
  69. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2018-01-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  70. ^ Vaughn, Mary Ann Woloch (1982). Ukrainian Christmas: Traditions, Folk Customs, and Recipes. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
  71. ^ Katy Lyons (8 March 2022). Ukrainian Recipes. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
  72. ^ "Gordon Ramsay's beef Wellington". goodtoknow. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  73. ^ Schroedter, Ulrike. "Christmas in Britain". Archived from the original on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  74. ^ "Christmas food shopping uncovered". BBC News. 2001-12-17. Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  75. ^ "Cranberry sauce". BBC Good Food. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  76. ^ "Easy devils on horseback - Tesco Real Food". Tesco Real Food. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  77. ^ "Christmas gingerbread men". BBC Food. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  78. ^ "Mary Berry". www.maryberry.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  79. ^ a b "Christmas? What a waste!". BBC News. 2005-12-13. Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  80. ^ "Mary Berry". www.maryberry.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  81. ^ Lee, Jeremy (26 November 2017). "The great Christmas taste test 2017". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  82. ^ "Everything you want to know about pigs in blankets". Erudus. 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  83. ^ Thompson, Rachel (2018-12-24). "I ate 100 different 'pigs in blankets' at a sausage party and it was painfully delicious". Mashable. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  84. ^ Neild, Barry (14 December 2013). "Turkey, pigs in blankets, even sprouts… but no Christmas pudding, thanks". The Observer. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  85. ^ "Classic pigs in blankets". BBC Good Food. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  86. ^ "Roast chestnuts". BBC Food. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  87. ^ BBC. "Roast Potatoes Recipe". Archived from the original on 2010-11-18.
  88. ^ Naylor, Tony (18 December 2012). "How to eat: trifle". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  89. ^ "Twelfth Night cake". National Trust. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  90. ^ "Pernil (Roast Pork)". The Rican Chef. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
[edit]