Jump to content

Fidesz

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from FIDESZ)
"Hungarian Civic Party" redirects here. For the political party in Romania, see Hungarian Civic Party (Romania). For the former political party in Slovakia, see Hungarian Civic Party (Slovakia).

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance
Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség
PresidentViktor Orbán
Vice presidents
See list
Parliamentary leaderMáté Kocsis
FoundersViktor Orbán
Gábor Fodor
László Kövér
István Bajkai
Zsolt Bayer
Tamás Deutsch
Zsolt Németh
József Szájer
Founded30 March 1988; 36 years ago (1988-03-30)
HeadquartersVisi Imre utca 6, 1089 Budapest
Youth wingFidelitas
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
National affiliationFidesz–KDNP
(since 2005)
European affiliationPatriots.eu
(2024–present)
European People's Party (2004–2021)
European Parliament groupPatriots for Europe
(since 2024)[nb 1]
International affiliation
Colours  Orange
National Assembly
116 / 199
European Parliament
10 / 21
County Assemblies
227 / 381
General Assembly of Budapest
10 / 33
Party flag
Website
www.fidesz.hu Edit this at Wikidata

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈfidɛs]; Hungarian: Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség pronounced [ˈfidɛs ˈmɒɟɒr ˈpolɡaːri ˈsøvɛt͡ʃːeːɡ]) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Hungary led by Viktor Orbán. It has increasingly identified as illiberal.

Originally formed in 1988 under the name of Alliance of Young Democrats (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége) as a centre-left and liberal activist movement that opposed the ruling Marxist–Leninist government. It was registered as a political party in 1990, with Orbán as its leader. It entered the National Assembly following the 1990 parliamentary election. Following the 1998 election, it successfully formed a centre-right government. It adopted nationalism in the early 2000s, but its popularity declined due to corruption scandals. It was in opposition between 2002 and 2010, and in 2006 it formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP).

Fidesz won a supermajority in the 2010 election, adopted national-conservative policies, shifted further to the right and became Eurosceptic. In 2011, the new Hungarian constitution was adopted in the parliament and in 2012 it became effective, although it was subject to controversies due to its consolidation of power to Fidesz. Having set Hungary on a path of democratic backsliding, its majority of seats remained after the 2014 election, and following the escalation of the migrant crisis, Fidesz began using right-wing populist and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Following the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, it currently holds a majority in the National Assembly with 135 seats. It has also held the presidency since 2010, has endorsed the election of every president since 2000, and it enjoys majorities in all 19 county assemblies, while being in opposition in the General Assembly of Budapest. Fidesz was initially a member of the Liberal International until 2000, after which it joined the European People's Party. It remained its member until 2021, and since then it has served with the Non-Inscrits group within the European Parliament. On 30 June, 2024, the ANO 2011, the Freedom Party of Austria, and Fidesz, created a new alliance named Patriots for Europe.[1]

History

1988–1989: Liberal activist beginnings

The party was founded in the spring of 1988[2] and named Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége (Alliance of Young Democrats) with the acronym FIDESZ. It grew out of an underground liberal student activist movement opposed to the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party.[3][4] Founding such a movement was semi-illegal at the time, so the founders risked their careers by being involved in the opposition.[5] The membership had an upper age limit of 35 years (this requirement was abolished at the 1993 party congress).[6]

In 1989, Fidesz won the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize. The movement was represented at the award ceremony by one of its leaders, Péter Molnár, who later became a Member of Parliament in Hungary.[7]

1990–1998: Centre-left opposition and conservative turn

In the 1990 elections, the party entered the National Assembly after winning about 6% of the vote. They became a small, though quite popular oppositional party. In 1992, Fidesz joined the Liberal International.[8] At the time, it was a moderate liberal centrist party, sometimes also described as social-liberal.[9]

At the 1993 party congress, it changed its political position from liberal to civic-centrist ("polgári centrumpárt"). The turn in ideology caused a severe split in the membership. Péter Molnár left the party along with Gábor Fodor and Klára Ungár, who joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats.[citation needed] Viktor Orbán was elected party chairman.

After its disappointing result in the 1994 elections, Fidesz remained an opposition party but grew increasingly conservative.[10][8] In 1995, it changed its name to Hungarian Civic Party (Magyar Polgári Párt) and sought connections to the national-conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum, a former governing party.

1998–2002: First Orbán government

Fidesz gained power for the first time at the 1998 elections, with Viktor Orbán becoming prime minister. Their coalition partners were the smaller Hungarian Democratic Forum and the Independent Smallholders' Party. In 2000, Fidesz terminated its membership in the Liberal International and joined the European People's Party.[8] The government constituted a "relatively conventional European conservative" rule.[4]

2002–2010: Return to opposition

The former main office building of Fidesz

Fidesz narrowly lost the 2002 elections to the Hungarian Socialist Party, garnering 41.07% to the Socialists' 42.05%. Fidesz had 169 members of the National Assembly, out of a total of 386. Immediately after the election, they accused the opponents of electoral fraud.[4] The 2002 Hungarian municipal elections saw again huge Fidesz losses.[citation needed]

In the spring of 2003, Fidesz took its current name, Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union.[8]

It was the most successful party in the 2004 European Parliamentary Elections: it won 47.4% of the vote and 12 of its candidates were elected as Members of the European Parliament (MEPs),[citation needed] including Lívia Járóka, the second Romani MEP.[11]

Fidesz's nominee, Dr. László Sólyom, was elected President of Hungary in the 2005 election. He was endorsed by Védegylet, an NGO including people from the whole political spectrum. A self-described "conservative liberal," he championed elements of both political wings with a selective, but conscious choice of values.[12]

In 2005, Fidesz and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) formed an alliance for the 2006 elections, which were won by the social-democratic and liberal coalition of Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). Fidesz received 42% of the list votes and 164 of 386 representatives in the National Assembly.[13]

On 1 October 2006, Fidesz won the municipal elections, which counterbalanced the MSZP-led government's power to some extent. Fidesz won 15 of 23 mayoralties in Hungary's largest cities—although its candidate narrowly lost the city of Budapest to a member of the SZDSZ—and majorities in 18 out of 20 regional assemblies.[14][15]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, Fidesz won a landslide victory, gaining 56.36% of the vote and 14 of Hungary's 22 seats.[16]

In a closed-door party meeting in 2009, Orbán called for a "central political forcefield" to govern Hungary for up to 20 years to achieve political stability.[4]

In January 2010, László Kövér, head of the party's national board, told reporters the party was aiming at winning a two-thirds majority at the parliamentary elections in April. He noted that Fidesz had a realistic chance to win a landslide. However, this feat was threatened by the rise of the radical nationalist Jobbik party. Kövér said it was a "lamentably negative" tendency, adding that it was rooted in the "disaster government" of the Socialist Party and its former liberal ally Free Democrats.[17]

2010–present: In power

The strong and preeminent Fidesz has benefited from the fragmented and disjointed opposition that has proved inept at mounting a unified challenge to the ruling party in a country where a majority of parliamentary seats are allocated to the party that garners the plurality of votes in a constituency.[18]

Government debt has fallen by 6% in the 8 years after Fidesz took power in 2010 while the country's credit ratings have improved. Economic growth had almost quadrupled with wages rising by over 10% and destitution decreasing by almost 50% (though still considerable). According to official figures, unemployment had fallen by nearly two-thirds. However, as many as almost half of newly employed Hungarians had found work elsewhere in the EU. A public works program has also been criticized by some economists for artificially and deceptively reducing unemployment numbers while engaging in and compensating people for possibly unneeded or unnecessarily inefficient work.[19] Hungary has been highly dependent on EU funds during Fidesz's rule; these representing nearly 4% of the country's GDP, more than for any other EU member.[20]

2010–2014: Second Orbán government

In a landslide victory in the 2010 parliamentary elections, the party won an outright majority in the first round on 11 April, with the Fidesz-KDNP alliance winning 206 seats, including 119 individual seats. In the final result, Fidesz 263 seats, of which 173 are individual seats.[21] Fidesz held 227 of these seats, giving it an outright majority in the National Assembly by itself.[citation needed]

Fidesz was widely seen as propelled to a sweeping victory in large part due to the dissatisfaction with the ruling political establishment which was plagued by corruption scandals and by the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[4] The socialist government had also imposed harsh austerity measures in an attempt to rein in its ballooning budget deficits even before the late 2000s’ crisis. In September 2006, a recording of the prime minister admitting to lying about the country's dire economic prospects was revealed by the media and broadcast on radio. Steel barriers were erected around the parliament to protect it from tens of thousands of protesters.[22]

After winning 53% of the popular vote in the first round of the 2010 parliamentary election, which translated into a supermajority of 68% of parliamentary seats, giving Fidesz sufficient power to revise or replace the constitution, the party embarked on an extraordinary project of passing over 200 laws and drafting and adopting a new constitution—since followed by nearly 2000 amendments.[citation needed]

The new constitution has been widely criticized[23][24][25][26][27][28] by the European Commission for Democracy through Law,[29] the Council of Europe, the European Parliament[30] and the United States[31] for concentrating too much power in the hands of the ruling party, for limiting oversight of the new constitution by the Constitutional Court of Hungary, and for removing democratic checks and balances in various areas, including the ordinary judiciary,[32] supervision of elections, and the media.[33]

In October 2013, Thorbjørn Jagland, Secretary General of the Council of Europe said that the council was satisfied with the amendments which had been made to the criticized laws.[34]

2014–2018: Third Orbán government

Fidesz won the nationwide parliamentary election in April 2014 and secured a second supermajority with 133 seats (of 199) in the legislature.[35][36] Observers from The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe stated that Fidesz "enjoyed an undue advantage, including in biased media coverage.”[37]

This supermajority was lost, however, when Tibor Navracsics was appointed to the European Commission. His Veszprém County seat was taken by an independent candidate in a by-election.[35] Another by-election on 12 April 2015 saw the supermajority lose a second seat, also in Veszprém, to a Jobbik candidate.[36]

2018–2022: Fourth Orbán government

Fidesz won the nationwide parliamentary election in April 2018 and secured a 3rd supermajority with 133 seats (of 199) in the legislature.[38] Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[39][40][41]

With the start of 2019, the prime minister's residence was relocated from the Hungarian Parliament Building to the Buda Castle, a former Carmelite monastery and former royal residence. The move was first planned in 2002 during the first Fidesz government, but was never carried out. Government representatives stated the move was necessary to uphold the separation of the executive and legislative branch by physically separating the two (in contrast to the Communist era when the two branches operated in the same building) while the opposition criticized the move as profligate (the renovation cost Ft21bn, or €65.5M) and as a symbolic revival of the Horthy era (Miklós Horthy also took up residence in the building).[42][43]

In 2019 local elections, the party lost its majority in General Assembly of Budapest and numerous city councils.

2022–present: Fifth Orbán government

Fidesz won the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election and secured a supermajority for the fourth time with 135 seats (of 199) in the legislature. Reuters described it as a "crushing victory".[44] With 54.13% of the popular vote, Fidesz received the highest vote share by any party since Hungary returned to democracy in 1989.[45]

In June 2024 it was revealed that Fidesz had become Google's biggest advertiser in the whole of the European Union.[46]

Ideology and policies

Fidesz's position on the political spectrum has changed over time. At its inception as a student movement in the late 1980s, the party was positioned on the centre-left on the political spectrum,[47] and it advocated for liberalism[48][49] and libertarianism.[50][51] It was strongly committed towards anti-clerical[52][53] and secular policies.[54][50] As the Hungarian political landscape crystallized following the fall of Communism and the first free elections in 1990, Fidesz moved to the right four years later. Although Fidesz was in opposition to the Hungarian Democratic Forum's national-conservative coalition government from 1990 to 1994, Fidesz became the most prominent liberal-conservative political force in Hungary by 1998.[55][56] It adopted nationalism,[57][58][59] national-liberalism,[48][52][60] and Christian democracy in the early 2000s.[61] It was positioned on the centre-right,[62] although it moved more to the right as the decade progressed.[63][64][65]

Fidesz is currently a right-wing party,[66] and it is national conservative[67][68][10] while favoring interventionist policies on economic issues like handling of banks,[69][70][71] and has a strong conservative stance on social issues,[72][73][74] a soft Eurosceptic vision towards European integration,[75][76][77][78][79][80] and has been described as right-wing populist.[68][10][81] In the late 2010s, the party has increasingly been described as far-right;[82][68][83][84][85][86][87][88] its ruling style has also been variously described as "soft fascism",[4][89] "soft dictatorship",[90] and "soft autocracy".[91] The Fidesz party has denied such accusations and distanced itself from the extreme right,[92] criticizing such accusations as politically motivated opposition to its anti-immigrant policies[93] and pursuit of illiberal democracy.[94][95][96][97][98]

Illiberal democracy

Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.[99] Hungary was during this decade one of the countries with the most democratic backsliding.

Orbán and other Fidesz politicians have prominently described their model of government as a Christian illiberal democracy.[100][4][101]

Orbán has described liberal democracy as having undemocratic characteristics because of "being intolerant of alternative views",[100] and being incompatible with and antithetical to Christian democracy (saying: "Christian democracy is, by definition, not liberal: it is, if you like, illiberal."),[4] and praised Turkey, Russia, China, and Singapore as successful examples of illiberal states.[102][103]

Economy

See also: Orbanomics

Like the Hungarian right in general, Fidesz has been more skeptical of the neoliberal economic policies than the Hungarian left. According to researchers, the elites of the Hungarian left (the Hungarian Socialist Party and the former Alliance of Free Democrats) have been differentiated from the right by being more supportive of the classical liberal economic policies, while the right (especially extreme right) has advocated more economic interventionist policies. In contrast, on issues like church and state and family policies, the liberals show alignment along the traditional left–right spectrum.[104] In the past, Fidesz has implemented several economic liberal policies, including an income flat tax, reductions in the corporate tax rate, restrictions on unemployment benefits, and privatization of state-owned land.[105][106][107]

The Fidesz government has embraced some government schemes, including "public works job program, pension hikes, utility bill cuts, a minimum wage increase and cash gifts for retirees."[108] It has also implemented a national public works program[19] aimed in particular at assisting neglected rural communities.[109] It has sought national control of key economic sectors while assuming a cautious stance on economic globalization.[108]

Foreign policy

NATO intervention in Yugoslavia

During the NATO-led bombing of Yugoslavia, Orbán refused the requests of the United States and Great Britain to invade the northernmost territory of Serbia in order to hinder the intervention of Serbian forces in Kosovo. However, he expressed concern about the situation of the Hungarian minority in Serbia and had to cede airspace to NATO forces because Hungary had obtained NATO membership before the war.[110][111]

Invasion of Iraq

Fidesz opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq and Hungarian participation in it, questioning the international legitimacy of the invasion.[112]

European Union

Despite the conflict with the European People's Party and European Union (EU) institutions, Fidesz and the Orbán government have claimed to be not in conflict with, but purportedly in line with pan-European values. As he struggled to maintain rapport with the EPP, Orbán began forming a right-wing populist alliance to electorally challenge the conservative EU establishment despite voicing a desire for Fidesz to remain a member.[113][114] Orbán and his government have clashed with the EU over the handling of the 2014–2016 European migrant crisis and the death penalty, which is prohibited by EU rules.[113][115]

Russia and Ukraine

Hungary was the only EU member state to vote against financial aid for Ukraine during its conflict with Russia-sponsored separatists, and has been a vocal critic of EU sanctions against Russia for its actions in Ukraine.[116] The main cause is that since 2017, relations with Ukraine rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine. Hungary has been obstructing Ukraine's integration efforts in the EU and NATO, even though Hungary has also been continuously helping and supporting Ukraine, with an exceptional attention to Transcarpathia.[117][118][119] Orbán has strongly criticized EU sanctions against Russia but abstained from vetoing them. The Fidesz government joined the UK-led diplomatic offensive after the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, expelling Russian embassy officials. Orbán has hailed Russia as an exemplary case of illiberal democracy.[120]

During his presidency, Orbán has been described as drawing closer to Russian president Vladimir Putin.[113] The closer relationship between the two leaders and nations has however largely been motivated by a tighter economic relationship,[116][120] part of the government's "Eastern Opening" strategy, announced in 2011.[120]

The Fourth Orbán Government initially strongly condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, aligning the country with NATO and the European Union on the matter: Orbán announced that Hungary would be sending humanitarian aid to Ukraine, but declined to send military equipment.[121] President János Áder (also a Fidesz member) strongly condemned the Russian invasion, comparing it to the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary.[122] However, Fidesz soon realigned with its formerly pro-Russian position: the party repeatedly opposed sanctions against the Russian Federation, prompting international press to describe Orbán as "a key Putin's ally".[123][124] Orbán has called for Russia and the United States to negotiate a diplomatic resolution to the conflict, stating that the Ukrainians could not win the war militarily.[125]

Immigration

Fidesz has adopted anti-immigration stances and rhetoric.[126][127][128][129] The Fidesz government has conversely begun admitting increasing numbers of foreign workers due to a labor shortage resulting from strong economic growth, population decline, and rising wages.[130][131][132]

Nativism

In a 2018 address, Orbán said: "We must state that we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed: we do not want our own color, traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others. We do not want this. We do not want that at all. We do not want to be a diverse country."[133] Orbán has "often expressed a preference for a racially homogeneous society."[134] The government has modified the country's Constitution to make it illegal to "settle foreign populations in Hungary."[135]

Despite a very low fertility rate that has led to a demographic deficit, the Fidesz government has remained steadfastly opposed to economic immigration that has been harnessed by other European countries to relieve its worker deficits. Instead, the government announced pecuniary incentives (including eliminating taxes for mothers with more than 3 children, and reducing credit payments and easier access to government-subsidized mortgages), and expanding day care and kindergarten access.[136] The Fidesz government's child incentive program also offers a 10-million-forint government-subsidized zero-interest loan to married couples who are willing to have a baby after 1 July 2019.[137]

Social policy

Changes passed by the Fidesz government have given citizens the right to use arms for self-defense on one's own property.[138] Fidesz has passed legislation criminalising homelessness.[139] Fidesz has opposed proposals supported by Jobbik and LMP to require nightclubs in Budapest to close after midnight.[140]

Christianity

Orbán has on multiple occasions emphasized upholding Christian values as central to his government,[141][142][143][144] and has described his government as creating a Christian democracy.[142][100] Hungarian Catholic bishop András Veres described some of Fidesz' policies, such as providing free IVF treatment for couples at state-run clinics, as being at odds with some Christian denominations, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, which opposes IVF.[145] Orbán is a member of the Reformed Church in Hungary.[146] However, the party has been described as taking a more secular position on abortion, the role of the church and education than its ally, the Christian Democratic People's Party.[147]

Family policy

Fidesz is opposed to an abortion ban, instead preferring to promote natalism.[148] However, the Fidesz government has introduced a requirement for women seeking abortions to listen to a pulse generated by the ultrasound monitor before making their decision.[149]

The Fidesz government has introduced loan subsidies for married couples that have three or more children[150] and a personal income tax exemption for women that have four or more children.[151]

Other

Anti-communism

The party is anti-communist.[152] In May 2018, the President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker attended and spoke at a celebration of the deceased Karl Marx's 200th birthday, where he defended Marx's legacy. In response, MEPs from Fidesz wrote: "Marxist ideology led to the death of tens of millions and ruined the lives of hundreds of millions. The celebration of its founder is a mockery of their memory."[152]

The Fidesz government spokesman Zoltán Kovács justified the government's controversial policies as an effort to "get rid of the remnants of communism that are still with us, not only in terms of institutions but in terms of mentality."[139]

During the party's rule, statues of communists regarded as traitors have been removed with Fidesz politicians in attendance. In December 2018, Hungarian authorities removed a statue of Imre Nagy for renovation. Nagy was a Hungarian reformist communist politician who led the failed anti-Soviet 1956 Hungarian Revolution and was later executed for his role in the uprising; the statue was replaced with a memorial dedicated to the victims of the short-lived 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic.[153]

National Consultations and political informational campaigns

The government has often propagated Fidesz's political ideas in tax-funded advertisements, putting up posters portraying a grinning George Soros, while calling on the citizens to oppose his purported support of illegal immigration (many of the posters portraying Soros, who is Jewish, were defaced with antisemitic graffiti),[154][155] posters depicting Soros and European Commission head Jean-Claude Juncker laughing together with text suggesting Soros' control of EU institutions (while also disseminating the accusation by letters sent to all Hungarian citizens),[156][157][158] and posters using the stock photo featuring photo models from the "distracted boyfriend" internet meme to promote family values.[159][160] Additionally, various party members have been accused of antisemitism.[161][162]

The government has employed so-called National Consultations, sending questionnaires to citizens that survey their opinions on government policy and legislation while pushing the Fidesz governments' ideology and agenda with suggestive questions (e.g. by referring to a supposed "Soros plan" to "convince Brussels to resettle at least one million immigrants from Africa and the Middle East annually on the territory of the European Union, including Hungary", that this "is part of the Soros plan to launch political attacks on countries objecting to immigration and impose strict penalties on them", and asking citizens whether they agree, or blasting "Brussels bureaucrats" in a consultation about family policy).[155][163][164][165][109] On other occasions, such as just prior to elections, the government sent letters notifying citizens that it will reduce their gas payments by €38, or sent pensioners gift vouchers.[108] The Fidesz government has also carried out taxpayer-funded "information campaigns", or "national messaging initiatives", that have denounced supposed enemies of Hungary with budgets of tens of millions of euros per year.[166]

Organization

Leaders

Image Name Entered office Left office Length of Leadership Note
1 Viktor Orbán 18 April 1993 29 January 2000 6 years, 286 days Prime Minister, 1998–2002
2 László Kövér 29 January 2000 6 May 2001 1 year, 97 days
3 Zoltán Pokorni 6 May 2001 3 July 2002 1 year, 58 days
4 János Áder 3 July 2002 17 May 2003 318 days
5 Viktor Orbán 17 May 2003 Incumbent 21 years, 167 days Prime Minister, 2010–present

Youth wing

The Fidesz youth affiliate Fidelitas was founded in 1996.[167][168] In December 2022, Dániel Farkas was elected president, succeeding Boglárka Illés.[169] Fidelitas is a member of European Democrat Students (EDS)[170] and the International Young Democracy Union.[171]

International affiliations

Fidesz was a member of the Liberal International from 1992 to 2000. From 2000 to 2024, it was a member of the International Democracy Union.[172] It is currently a member of Centrist Democrat International.

European Union

Following its ideological turn to conservatism, it joined the centre-right European People's Party (EPP) but was suspended on 20 March 2019. Fidesz MEPs left the European People's Party group in the European Parliament on 3 March 2021,[173][174][175] after the EPP changed its rules to allow it to expel a party's entire delegation.[176][177][178][179] It has served with the Non-Inscrits since then.[180]

In July 2021, Fidesz signed a joint declaration with National Rally, Law and Justice, Vox, the League, the Brothers of Italy, the Estonian Conservative People's Party, the Freedom Party of Austria, Belgium's Vlaams Belang, the Danish People's Party, the Finns Party, VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, Greek Solution, the Romanian Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance on the future of the EU.[181][182]

In December 2021, the party participated in the Warsaw summit with Law and Justice, the Estonian Conservative People's Party, the Finns Party, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance, the Freedom Party of Austria, Vox, National Rally, Vlaams Belang and the Dutch JA21, signing a document outlining new collaboration at the EU level between the parties.[183] [184]

In January 2022, the party participated in the Madrid summit, hosted by Vox, alongside National Rally, Law and Justice, Vlaams Belang, JA21, the Estonian Conservative People's Party, the Freedom Party of Austria, VMRO - Bulgarian National Movement, the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party and Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance, signing a joint declaration on policies towards the EU and Russia.[185][186]

In November 2022, Fidesz MEPs signed a cooperation agreement with MEPs from Sovereign Poland, Vox, Lega, the Freedom Party of Austria and the National Rally to collaborate within the European Parliament.[187]

In June 2024, Fidesz announced its intention to form the Patriots for Europe parliamentary group in the European Parliament, which subsequently included the Czech ANO 2011 and Přísaha, the Freedom Party of Austria, the Portuguese Chega, the Dutch Party for Freedom, the French National Rally, the Italian Lega, the Danish People's Party, the Belgian Vlaams Belang, the Spanish Vox, Latvia First and the Greek Voice of Reason.[188][189][190][191]

European countries

Austria

Orbán has more recently cultivated close ties between Fidesz and the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), noting "strategic cooperation" between the parties and "friendly ties based on mutual confidence and Christian-conservative values".[192] Prior to the 2019 Austrian legislative election, he held a joint press conference with FPÖ leader Norbert Hofer, where he wished the party success in the upcoming election and stressed the "similar views" of the two parties.[193]

Belgium

Hungarian Justice Minister Judit Varga addressed a rally in Antwerp hosted by Vlaams Belang in June 2022, alongside representatives of other Identity and Democracy Party member parties.[194]

Bosnia

Orbán released a video message endorsing Milorad Dodik, the leader of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) and the President of Republika Srpska, ahead of the 2022 Bosnian general election.[195] Orbán's government has reportedly provided political and financial support to the SNSD.[196]

Czech Republic

Orbán sent a letter of support to Václav Klaus Jr.'s newly formed Tricolour Citizens' Movement in the Czech Republic in 2019.[197] Orbán has a relationship with Klaus's father, President Václav Klaus, who has expressed support for Orbán's rule.[198]

During the 2021 Czech parliamentary election, Orbán endorsed Czech Prime Minister and ANO 2011 leader Andrej Babiš, appearing alongside him at campaign events in the Czech Republic.[199]

Croatia

Orbán expressed strong support for Tomislav Karamarko's leadership of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), having written a letter endorsing Karamarko for his stance on immigration that was read out at an HDZ rally during the 2015 Croatian parliamentary election campaign.[200]

Fidesz later established contacts with the International Secretary of the Homeland Movement, Stephen Nikola Bartulica.[201]

France

Orbán initially rejected association with Marine Le Pen's National Rally,[202] and instead endorsed François Fillon, the candidate of The Republicans, in the 2017 French presidential election.[203] However, in 2021, Fidesz opened relations with National Rally, congratulating Le Pen on her re-election as the party's leader.[204] Orbán subsequently hosted Le Pen during her October 2021 visit to Budapest and had discussions with her regarding a formal alliance between the parties.[205] Orbán released a video of support for Le Pen during the 2022 French presidential election, which was aired at one of her campaign rallies.[206]

Orbán also has relations with Reconquête leader Éric Zemmour, hosting him in Budapest in September 2021.[207]

Germany

Fidesz continues to reject cooperation with Alternative for Germany, describing the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria as its natural allies there.[208]

Italy

Orbán has praised the tenure of former Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, the leader of the League, declaring him an "ally and our fellow combatant in the fight for the preservation of European Christian heritage and the tackling of migration" after Salvini's departure from the Italian government in August 2019.[209] Orbán previously urged closer political ties between the EPP and the League,[210] and cooperated extensively on immigration with Salvini, describing Salvini as "my hero".[211] Orbán has also fostered ties with Brothers of Italy leader Giorgia Meloni,[212] but Meloni later blocked Fidesz joining the European Conservatives and Reformists.[213]

North Macedonia

Orbán has also fostered close political ties with right-wing Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) politician and former PM Nikola Gruevski. While awaiting a ruling on an appeal to a corruption conviction in early 2019, Gruevski fled to Hungary to evade a looming jail sentence. The whereabouts of Gruevski were revealed only 4 days after he failed to report to serve his prison sentence. Macedonian officials have suggested that Gruevski (for whom an international arrest warrant had been issued) was in contact with Hungarian officials in the days preceding his flight, and Macedonian authorities have launched an investigation into whether Gruevski was transported across the border in a Hungarian diplomatic vehicle. The Hungarian government denied accusations of impropriety.[214] Hungarian businesspeople close to Orbán that had previously invested into Slovenian right-wing media also entered into ownership of Macedonian right-wing media companies, propping up outlets friendly to Gruevski and his party.[214] In May 2023, Orbán pledged that Fidesz would assist VMRO-DPMNE in "various policy areas" ahead of the 2024 Macedonian parliamentary election.[215]

Poland

Prior to the 2019 European Parliament election, Fidesz announced it would discuss an alliance with Poland's Law and Justice (PiS) party if it leaves the EPP.[216] The two nations' conservative governments have shared a close friendship and alliance for multiple years and the Polish government has pledged political support for Hungary within the EU.[217][218][219][220] Orbán and PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński have vowed to wage a "cultural counter-revolution" within the EU together,[221] with the Polish government seeing Hungary under Fidesz as a model for Poland.[222] The relationship between Fidesz and PiS deteriorated following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, after the two parties took different stances on the conflict.[223] The relationship was later repaired after PiS lost power in Poland, with Mateusz Morawiecki inviting Fidesz to join the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament in February 2024.[224] Although PiS initially negotiated with Fidesz's Patriots for Europe group in June 2024, it later chose to remain in the ECR after disagreements over the ECR leadership were resolved.[225]

Fidesz also developed ties with PiS's junior coalition partner, Zbigniew Ziobro's Sovereign Poland party, particularly during the time period when relations with PiS were tense.[226]

Serbia

Orbán has a warm relationship with Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and his Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), with the Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó campaigning for Vučić before the 2017 Serbian presidential election.[227] Companies close to the Orbán government have won public contracts with the Serbian government.[228] The Serbian government has also been accused of taking a similar approach to the Hungarian government towards the media.[229] In May 2023, Szijjártó once again addressed an SNS rally in support of President Vučić, ahead of the 2023 Serbian parliamentary election.[230][231] Fidesz has also participated in conferences hosted by one of the SNS's junior coalition partners, the Serbian People's Party (SNP),[232] and included the SNP in a working lunch of Fidesz-allied right-wing parties hosted by Orbán.[233]

Slovenia

Orbán has allied closely with Slovenian PM Janez Janša and the right-wing Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) he heads, going so far as to campaign for SDS during the 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election. Businesspeople close to Orbán also provided funds to SDS-affiliated media companies that then also used some of the funds to purchase campaign ads on behalf of SDS to circumvent Slovenian campaign finance laws.[234][235][236][237] After the election, and while SDS was struggling to secure political support to form a coalition government, Janša again met with Orbán on a private visit to Budapest; during the meeting, Orbán also conducted a conference call with former US president Donald Trump with Janša joining in.[238] SDS's unconditional backing of Fidesz within the EPP was reportedly pivotal in preventing Fidesz's expulsion from EPP, resulting in a more lenient suspension.[239] In a letter to EPP leader, Janša warned of an "inevitable" split in the EPP if the vote to expel Fidesz were to take place.[240]

Slovakia

Fidesz provided campaign advisers to Robert Fico's Smer party ahead of the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election.[241] Prior to the election, Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó held a joint press conference with Fico.[242] However, Smer declined to join Fidesz's Patriots for Europe group in 2024, citing an ideological divide with the right-wing parties involved.[243]

In 2020, Hungarian officials from the Fidesz government suggested it was in their interest that the Slovak National Party win seats during the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election.[244] Szijjárto also praised the Slovak National Party following a 2022 meeting with its leader, Andrej Danko, stating that "parties standing on national foundations always understand each other well" and emphasising their shared "Christian-conservative values".[245][246] Danko has close relations with Fidesz politicians,[247] and has advocated for an alliance between the Slovak National Party, Smer, Hlas, Slovak PATRIOT and even Hungarian minority parties in order to form what he described as a "Slovak Fidesz".[248]

Other

Orbán has also developed ties with Dutch Party for Freedom (PVV) leader Geert Wilders,[249] Vox leader Santiago Abascal,[250] Conservative People's Party of Estonia leader Mart Helme[251] the Chega leader André Ventura,[252] and Lithuanian National Alliance leader Vytautas Radžvilas.[253]

As of 2024, the Finns Party rejects cooperation with Fidesz, strongly supporting the exclusion of Fidesz from the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament.[254] The Sweden Democrats initially ruled out cooperation with Fidesz altogether,[255] but later insisted that Fidesz sign a declaration in support of Ukrainian territorial integrity prior to allowing formal cooperation.[256] Fidesz refuses cooperation with the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), describing it as "anti-Hungarian" and ceasing its attempts to join the ECR after AUR was admitted.[257]

Hungarian national minority parties

Some political parties of Hungarian minorities are said to be allies of the Fidesz like the Slovak Hungarian Alliance (MKP),[258] the Serbian Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMSZ),[259] the Ukrainian KMKSZ – Hungarian Party in Ukraine,[260][261] and Hungarian Democratic Party in Ukraine (UMDP),[262] Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia (HMDK),[263] the Slovenian Hungarian National Self-Government Association of Prekmurje (MMNÖK),[264] the Romanian Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (RMDSZ),[265][266][258] the Hungarian Civic Party (MPP)[267] and the Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (EMNP).[268] The Fidesz, the RMDSZ,[269] MKP,[270] VMSZ[259] the HMDK[271] and the Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMDP)[272] support each other in the 2019 European Parliament election. The MKP, VMSZ and RMDSZ are members or associates of the EPP.[273]

Non-European countries

Israel

Orbán and his government have also fostered close ties with the Israeli Likud government under Benjamin Netanyahu, with the two heads of government forging a cordial relationship, having known one another for decades. Netanyahu advised Orbán on economic reforms conducted by the Hungarian government in the early 2000s.[274] Netanyahu later extended public political support to Orbán at a time when Orbán was confronting criticism for praising Miklós Horthy, Hungary's former leader, whose government passed anti-Jewish legislation and collaborated with Nazi Germany, and for allegedly employing anti-Semitic tropes in his criticism of George Soros.[275][276][277] The Israeli foreign ministry issued a statement condemning Soros in a show of solidarity with the Orbán government.[278][279] A Likud lawmaker also introduced legislation modeled on Fidesz's "Stop Soros law" in the Israeli Knesset.[280]

United States of America

Orbán and his government have gained favor with US president Donald Trump and his Republican administration (in stark contrast to the policy of isolation practiced by the preceding Obama Administration).[281][282] Orbán was the first European head of government to endorse Trump's presidential bid during the 2016 United States presidential election.[283][284] Trump has praised Hungary's immigration policies in a discussion with Orbán.[281] The more amiable attitude of the Trump Administration toward the Hungarian government prompted criticism and a protest by 22 Democratic Party lawmakers that called for a more disciplinary policy towards the country's government over what they perceived as a problematic track record.[285] Steve Bannon, former head of Breitbart News and a former close associate of President Trump who had an integral role in Trump's electoral campaign and administration, has also praised Orbán and announced plans to work with Fidesz in orchestrating the party's electoral campaign for the 2019 European parliament election.[286][287][288][289][4]

Other

The Fidesz government had a strong relationship with former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro of the Liberal Party, including sheltering him at the Hungarian Embassy in Brazil after he faced criminal charges.[290] Fidesz also has ties with the founder of the Chilean Republican Party, José Antonio Kast, María Fernanda Cabal of the Colombian Democratic Center party, and the Argentinian La Libertad Avanza.[291][292][293]

Orbán's Political Director, Balázs Orbán, suggested Fidesz has "many things in common" with the Indian Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) following meetings with BJP politicians, including sovereignty, opposing progressivism, and support for peace in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[294]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Fidesz

Fidesz has been accused of exhibiting anti-democratic and authoritarian tendencies while in government. The Fidesz-led government has been accused of severely restricting media freedom, undermining the independence of the courts, subjugating and politicising independent and non-governmental institutions, spying on political opponents, engaging in electoral engineering, and assailing critical NGOs. The Fidesz-led government has been accused of engaging in cronyism and corruption. Fidesz has been accused of antisemitism, and the Fidesz-led government has been accused of passing legislation that violates the rights of queer persons. Due to its controversial actions, Fidesz and its government have come in conflict with the EU on multiple occasions.

Election results

National Assembly

Fidesz strongholds: single-member constituencies electing a Fidesz MP in 1998, 2002 and 2006. Pale orange districts elected candidates of partner FKGP.
Election Leader SMCs MMCs Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
1990 Collective leadership 235,611 4.75 (#6) 439,448 8.95 (#5)
22 / 386
 New Opposition
1994 Viktor Orbán 416,143 7.70 (#5) 379,295 7.02 (#6)
20 / 386
 Decrease 2 Opposition
1998 1,161,520 25.99 (#2) 1,263,563 28.18 (#2)
148 / 386
 Increase 128 Coalition
(Fidesz-FKgP-MDF)
2002[a] 2,217,755 39.43 (#2) 2,306,763 41.07 (#2)
164 / 386
 Increase 16 Opposition
2006[b] 2,269,241 41.99 (#1) 2,272,979 43.21 (#2)
141 / 386
 Decrease 23 Opposition
2010[b] 2,732,965 53.43 (#1) 2,706,292 52.73 (#1)
227 / 386
 Increase 86 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
2014[b] Viktor Orbán 2,165,342 44.11 (#1) 2,264,780 44.87 (#1)
117 / 199
 Decrease 110 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
2018[b] 2,636,201 47.89 (#1) 2,824,551 49.27 (#1)
117 / 199
 Steady 0 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
2022[b] 2,823,419 52.52 (#1) 3,060,706 54.13 (#1)
117 / 199
 Steady 0 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
  1. ^ Run in coalition with MDF.
  2. ^ a b c d e Run within Fidesz–KDNP coalition.

European Parliament

Election List leader Votes % Seats +/− EP Group
2004 Pál Schmitt 1,457,750 47.40 (#1)
12 / 24
 New EPP-ED
2009[a] 1,632,309 56.36 (#1)
13 / 22
 Increase 1 EPP
(until 2021)
2014[a] Ildikó Pelczné Gáll 1,193,991 51.48 (#1)
11 / 21
 Decrease 2
2019[a] László Trócsányi 1,824,220 52.56 (#1)
12 / 21
 Increase 1
NI
(from 2021)
2024[a] Tamás Deutsch 2,048,211 44.82 (#1)
10 / 21
 Decrease 2 PfE
  1. ^ a b c d Run in a joint list with KDNP.

Notes

  1. ^ The party was formerly part of the European People's Party (2004–2021), and Non-Inscrits (2021–2024).

References

  1. ^ "Hungary's Orban announces plan to form new far-right bloc in EP". euronews. 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  2. ^ Walker, Shaun (6 April 2018). "'You cannot negotiate with Orbán': hardline PM seeks fourth term". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  3. ^ "Ties that bind Hungary's Fidesz and European Parliament". Politico.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Beauchamp, Zack (13 September 2018). "It happened there: how democracy died in Hungary". Vox. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  5. ^ "Viktor Orban: the rise of Europe's troublemaker". Financial Times. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Hungarian Youth Party Tries a Grown-Up Appeal". The New York Times. 18 April 1993. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  7. ^ "FIDESZ - Péter Molnár". The Rafto Foundation. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d "The History of Fidesz". Fidesz.hu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007.
  9. ^ Florence La Bruyère (13 December 2010). "En Hongrie, le populisme au pouvoir" (in French). Libération. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Bakke, Elisabeth (2010), "Central and East European party systems since 1989", Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989, Cambridge University Press, p. 79, ISBN 978-1-13948750-4, retrieved 17 November 2011
  11. ^ "Lívia Járóka". EVPA. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  12. ^ (in Hungarian) Sólyom politikaformáló erő akar lenni, Kern Tamás, Index.hu, 22 August 2005
  13. ^ "Hungary Socialists win new term". BBC News. 23 April 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  14. ^ "VoksCentrum a választások univerzuma". Vokscentrum. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  15. ^ "Opposition makes substantial gains in Hungarian elections". Taipei Times. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  16. ^ "National results Hungary | 2009 Constitutive session | 2019 European election results". European Parliament. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  17. ^ MTI. "Opposition Fidesz aims at two-thirds majority". Politics.hu. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  18. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (25 March 2018). "In Hungary, Disunity and Gerrymandering Frustrate Anti-Orban Voters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  19. ^ a b Kingsley, Patrick; Novak, Benjamin (3 April 2018). "An Economic Miracle in Hungary, or Just a Mirage?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  20. ^ Novak, Benjamin; Kingsley, Patrick (2 May 2018). "Hungary's Judges Warn of Threats to Judicial Independence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  21. ^ "Országos Választási Iroda – 2010 Országgyűlési Választások" (in Hungarian). Valasztas.hu. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  22. ^ Kulish, Nicholas (21 December 2011). "Foes of Hungary's Government Fear 'Demolition of Democracy'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  23. ^ "Hungary's Constitutional Revolution". 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011.
  24. ^ "Working Document 1" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  25. ^ "Working Document 2" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  26. ^ "Working Document 3" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  27. ^ "Working Document 4" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  28. ^ "Documents by opinions and studies". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  29. ^ "EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) : OPINION" (PDF). Lapa.princeton.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  30. ^ "Texts adopted – Tuesday, 5 July 2011 – Revised Hungarian constitution – P7_TA(2011)0315". European Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  31. ^ "Remarks & Statements | Budapest, Hungary – Embassy of the United States". Hungary.usembassy.gov. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  32. ^ [1] Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Gall, Lydia (16 May 2013). "Wrong Direction on Rights". Human Rights Watch.
  34. ^ "Ferenc Kumin – Council of Europe's Jagland: 'Hungarians Have Gone..." Ferenckumin.tumblr.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  35. ^ a b Gulyas, Veronika (22 February 2015). "Hungary's Ruling Party Loses Two-Thirds Majority after By-Election". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  36. ^ a b Dull, Szabolcs. "Győzött a Jobbik a tapolcai választáson". Index HU. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  37. ^ "Although parliamentary elections in Hungary offered voters a diverse choice, ruling party enjoyed undue advantage, say international observers". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 7 April 2014.
  38. ^ Bayer, Lili (10 April 2018). "Orbán poised to tighten grip on power". Politico. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  39. ^ Than, Krisztina; Szakacs, Gergely (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Strongman Viktor Orban Wins Third Term in Power". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  40. ^ Zalan, Eszter (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Orban in Sweeping Victory, Boosting EU Populists". EUobserver. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  41. ^ Murphy, Peter; Khera, Jastinder (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Orban Claims Victory as Nationalist Party Takes Sweeping Poll Lead". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  42. ^ "PM Moving to Buda Castle: Puritanism in a Former Monastery or Costly Restoration of the Horthy Era?". Hungary Today. 7 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  43. ^ "Orban se z novim letom seli v kraljevo palačo". Dnevnik. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  44. ^ Komuves, Anita; Szakacs, Gergely (3 April 2022). "Orban on track for crushing victory as Ukraine war solidifies support". Reuters. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  45. ^ Tait, Robert; Garamvolgyi, Flora (3 April 2022). "Viktor Orbán wins fourth consecutive term as Hungary's prime minister". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  46. ^ "Media: Orban's party becomes Google's biggest advertiser in EU". The Kyiv Independent. 9 June 2024.
  47. ^ Florence La Bruyère (13 December 2010). "En Hongrie, le populisme au pouvoir" (in French). Libération. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  48. ^ a b Dieringer, Jürgen (2009). Das Politische System der Republik Ungarn: Entstehung – Entwicklung – Europäisierung. Verlag Barbara Budrich. pp. 78–79.
  49. ^ Andor, Lásló (2000). Hungary on the Road to the European Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 69.
  50. ^ a b Berglund, Sten (2013). The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 297.
  51. ^ Galston, William (2020). Anti-Pluralism: The Populist Threat to Liberal Democracy. Yale University Press. p. 46.
  52. ^ a b Pappas, Takis (2019). Populism and Liberal Democracy. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
  53. ^ Pirro, Andrea (2015). The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 154.
  54. ^ Arato, Andrew (2000). Civil Society, Constitution, and Legitimacy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 286.
  55. ^ Tunkrova, Lucie (2010). The Politics of EU Accession. Routledge. p. 137.
  56. ^ Bibič, Adolf (1994). Civil Society, Political Society, Democracy. Slovenian Political Science Association. p. 275.
  57. ^ "Hungary's Fidesz quits European conservative group: 'Time to say goodbye'". Reuters. 18 March 2021.
  58. ^ "Hungary's Ruling Fidesz Party Quits European Center-Right Bloc". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 March 2021.
  59. ^ Halmai, Gábor (2018). "Fidesz and Faith: Ethno-Nationalism in Hungary". Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional. doi:10.17176/20180629-091745-0.
  60. ^ Anderson, Jay Colin (2001). The Government and Party Systems of Hungary (1990-2000). Indiana University. p. 94.
  61. ^ Schöpflin, György (2013). "Hungary: the Fidesz Project". Aspen Review Central Europe. No. 1. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  62. ^ "Stunning win for centre-right Fidesz party". The Irish Times. 26 May 1998. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  63. ^ "Fidesz: The story so far". The Economist. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  64. ^ "Right-wing Fidesz win election by landslide". Radio France Internationale. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  65. ^ Seres, Balint (12 April 2010). "Right-wing Fidesz party wins by landslide in Hungary elections". News AU. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  66. ^ "Sex tapes, scandals in Hungary's local election campaign". abc news. 11 October 2019. Borkai is running for re-election as mayor of the northwestern city of Gyor, representing Orban's right-wing Fidesz party. Another leaked sex video featured an opposition politician, Tamas Wittinghoff, the mayor of a town near Budapest.
  67. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Hungary". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  68. ^ a b c Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate. p. 115.
  69. ^ Dr Vít Hloušek, Dr Lubomír Kopecek (2013). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing. ps. 177.
  70. ^ Bozóki, András (2015). "Chapter 1: Broken Democracy, Predatory State, and Nationalist Populism". In Krasztev, Péter; Van Til, Jon (eds.). The Hungarian Patient: Social Opposition to an Illiberal Democracy. Central European University Press. p. 21.
  71. ^ Mudde, Cas (2016). On Extremism and Democracy in Europe. Routledge. p. 46.
  72. ^ White, Stephen (2013). Developments in Central and East European Politics. Macmillan. p. 35.
  73. ^ Tiryakian, Edward (2020). New Nationalisms of the Developed West: Toward Explanation. In Hungary, Orbán and his social conservative Fidesz ...
  74. ^ Bakke, Elisabeth (2011). 20 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. BMV Verlag. p. 257.
  75. ^ "Europe.view: Stars and soggy bottoms". The Economist. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  76. ^ "Hegedűs Zsuzsa: Orbán igazi szociáldemokrata". Fent és lent – gátlástalan patriotizmus. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  77. ^ "Democracy in Hungary: the defence of Fidesz". openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014.
  78. ^ Horvath, Attila (2016). From Anti-communism to Anti-EUism: Faces of Fidesz's Euroscepticism. UACES 46th Annual Conference. University Association for Contemporary European Studies.[permanent dead link]
  79. ^ Hegedüs, Daniel (27 May 2019). "Can the right in East and West unite?". International Politics and Society. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  80. ^ Petsinis, Vassilis (23 February 2019). "'It is also the economy, stupid!' The rise of economic euroscepticism in Central and Eastern Europe". openDemocracy. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  81. ^ Bieling, Hans-Jürgen (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". In Jäger, Johannes; Springler, Elisabeth (eds.). Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4.
  82. ^
  83. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (16 December 2018). "Opposition in Hungary Demonstrates Against Orban, in Rare Display of Dissent". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  84. ^ Novak, Benjamin; Kingsley, Patrick (12 December 2018). "Hungary Creates New Court System, Cementing Leader's Control of Judiciary". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  85. ^ Schaeffer, Carol (28 May 2017). "How Hungary Became a Haven for the Alt-Right". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  86. ^ Kuper, Simon (11 September 2019). "Why rightwing populism has radicalised". Financial Times.
  87. ^ Kondor, Katherine (30 January 2019). "The Hungarian paradigm shift: how right-wing are Fidesz supporters?". openDemocracy.
  88. ^ Stone, Jon (30 September 2019). "Hungarian opposition party says its meetings in parliament were bugged". The Independent. Hungarian politics is dominated by Viktor Orban's far-right Fidesz party, which is supported by a largely partisan pro-government media that marginalises opposition voices.
  89. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (17 December 2018). "Hungary's prime minister stole the country's democracy. Now Hungarians are rising up". Vox. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  90. ^ Santora, Marc; Erlanger, Steven (20 March 2019). "Top E.U. Coalition Suspends Party Led by Orban, Hungary's Leader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  91. ^ Lendvai, Paul (7 April 2018). "The Most Dangerous Man in the European Union". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  92. ^ Verseck, Keno (30 January 2013). "Hungarian Leader Adopts Policies of Far-Right". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  93. ^ András, Bíró; Tamás, Boros; Áron, Varga. "Euroszkepticizmus Magyarországon" (PDF). Policy Solutions (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015.
  94. ^ "Hungarian PM sees shift to illiberal Christian democracy in 2019 European vote". Reuters. 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  95. ^ Staudenmaier, Rebecca (12 September 2018). "EU Parliament votes to trigger Article 7 sanctions procedure against Hungary". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  96. ^ Korkut, Umut. "Resentment and Reorganization: Anti-Western Discourse and the Making of Eurasianism in Hungary" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 38: 71–90.
  97. ^ Barber, Tony (9 October 2018). "Trust in Europe's illiberal governments grows". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  98. ^ Foster, Peter (29 May 2019). "A 'climate of fear': Hungary, inside a dying democracy propped up by the EU". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  99. ^ Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf Archived 14 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ a b c "Hungarian PM sees shift to illiberal Christian democracy in 2019..." Reuters. 28 July 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  101. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (25 December 2018). "On the Surface, Hungary Is a Democracy. But What Lies Underneath?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  102. ^ Lyman, Rick; Smale, Alison (7 November 2014). "Viktor Orban Steers Hungary Toward Russia 25 Years After Fall of the Berlin Wall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  103. ^ Lyman, Rick (13 October 2014). "Elections in Hungary Tighten Prime Minister's Hold on Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  104. ^ Bodan Todosijević The Hungarian Voter: Left–Right Dimension as a Clue to Policy Preferences in International Political Science Review (2004), Vol 25, No. 4, p. 421
  105. ^ "RPT-As Hungary roars ahead, Orbanomics leaves some of the poorest behind". Reuters. 3 April 2018.
  106. ^ "Hungary to offer EU's lowest corporate tax rate". Financial Times. 17 November 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  107. ^ "Tiborcz and Mészáros families big winners in Fejér county land privatization". The Budapest Beacon. 5 December 2017.
  108. ^ a b c Bayer, Lili (5 April 2018). "The new communists". Politico. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  109. ^ a b Santora, Marc (7 April 2018). "Orban Campaigns on Fear, With Hungary's Democracy at Stake". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  110. ^ "Amerikanci naredili Mađarskoj da napadne Srbiju 1999. godine, Orban je to odbio". Politika Online. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  111. ^ "CNN - Budapest fears Yugo attack on ethnic Hungarians - April 30, 1999". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  112. ^ "Mit jelent a háború a magyar belpolitikában?". Political Capital. 27 March 2003.
  113. ^ a b c Kingsley, Patrick (11 September 2018). "E.U.'s Leadership Seeks to Contain Hungary's Orban". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  114. ^ "European conservative gives ultimatum to Hungarian leader". Reuters. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  115. ^ Traynor, Ian (30 April 2015). "EU chief warns Hungary over return of death penalty comments". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  116. ^ a b "Does Hungary's relationship with Russia send a message to the EU?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  117. ^ "Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment Archived 31 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine". New Europe. 26 March 2018.
  118. ^ "Hungary again blocks NATO-Ukraine Commission, vows to continue – KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice". Kyiv Post. 3 October 2018.
  119. ^ "Szijjártó Péter: Magyarország arányos választ ad Ukrajnának, ha kiutasítanák a konzult".
  120. ^ a b c Janjevic, Darko (13 March 2019). "Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban's special relationship". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  121. ^ "PM Orbán: "Together with Our EU and NATO Allies, We Condemn Russia's Military Attack"". Hungary Today. 24 February 2022.
  122. ^ "President Áder: Hungary Strongly Condemns Russia's Attack on Ukraine". Hungary Today. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  123. ^ "Hungary PM Orban says EU will not sanction Russian gas or oil". Reuters. 11 March 2022.
  124. ^ Bardi, Balint; Picheta, Robi (4 April 2022). "Viktor Orban, key Putin ally, calls Zelensky an 'opponent' after winning Hungary election". CNN.
  125. ^ "Hungary's Orban says 'poor Ukrainians' cannot win against Russia". Al Jazeera. 23 May 2023.
  126. ^ "A Race to the Far Right in Hungarian Politics". NPR. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  127. ^ "Hungary set to reject EU refugee quotas in referendum". The Independent. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  128. ^ "Hungary's future: anti-immigration, anti-multiculturalism and anti-Roma?". openDemocracy. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  129. ^ Nolan, Daniel (2 July 2015). "Hungary government condemned over anti-immigration drive". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  130. ^ Hungary, Bojan Pancevski in Budapest and Adam Bihari in Mór (8 September 2019). "Hungary, Loudly Opposed to Immigration, Opens Doors to More Foreign Workers". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  131. ^ "Number of Foreigners Coming to Hungary to Work Growing". 24 September 2019.
  132. ^ "In Orban's Hungary, more migrants due to labor shortage". InfoMigrants. 30 September 2019.
  133. ^ "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's speech at the annual general meeting of the Association of Cities with County Rights – miniszterelnok.hu". miniszterelnok.hu. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  134. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (25 December 2018). "On the Surface, Hungary Is a Democracy. But What Lies Underneath?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  135. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (20 June 2018). "Hungary Criminalizes Aiding Illegal Immigrants". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  136. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (11 February 2019). "Orban Encourages Mothers in Hungary to Have 4 or More Babies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  137. ^ "Hungary's new childbirth incentive program | Bank360". bank360.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  138. ^ Verseck, Keno (30 January 2013). "Blurring Boundaries: Hungarian Leader Adopts Policies of Far-Right". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  139. ^ a b Kingsley, Patrick (10 February 2018). "As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What's Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  140. ^ "The party quarter in Budapest – Council proposes local referendum on nightclub opening hours". Daily News Hungary. 4 October 2017.
  141. ^ "Hungary's Orban vows defence of 'Christian' Europe". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  142. ^ a b Aleksandra Wróbel (7 May 2018). "Orbán pledges to keep Hungary safe and Christian". Politico. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  143. ^ "Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orban vows to create 'Christian homeland' ahead of general election". The Independent. 7 April 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  144. ^ Orban, Viktor. "We must defend Christian culture" (PDF).
  145. ^ Ágnes Kovacsik (24 August 2017). "Veres András: A lombikbébiprogram minden formája bűn". Magyar Nemzet. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  146. ^ Chitwood, Ken (18 April 2022). "Hungarian Evangelicals Thank God for Viktor Orbán Victory". News & Reporting. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  147. ^ Ilonszki, Gabriella (2019). "Hungary: From Coalitions to One-Party Dominance". Coalition Governance in Central Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 227.
  148. ^ "Hungary Wants More Children, But Won't Ban Abortion". Wall Street Journal. 25 February 2011.
  149. ^ "Dozens of Hungarian women travel to Austria for abortions every week, amid tightening laws". Euronews. 16 August 2023.
  150. ^ "Hungary offers €30,000 to married couples who can produce three children". Euronews. 29 July 2019.
  151. ^ "Viktor Orbán: no tax for Hungarian women with four or more children". The Guardian. 10 February 2019.
  152. ^ a b "EU chief defends Marx in controversial speech to mark communist's birth". Yahoo News. 4 May 2018.
  153. ^ "Hungary removes uprising hero's statue". 28 December 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  154. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (22 June 2018). "Hungary just passed a 'Stop Soros' law that makes it illegal to help undocumented migrants". Vox. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  155. ^ a b Bearak, Max. "Hungary accused of 'hatemongering' in national survey targeting George Soros". The Washington Post.
  156. ^ Rankin, Jennifer (19 February 2019). "Brussels accuses Orbán of peddling conspiracy theory with Juncker poster". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  157. ^ Bayer, Lili (28 February 2019). "Commission hits back over Hungary's anti-Juncker campaign". Politico. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  158. ^ Bayer, Lili (18 February 2019). "Hungary launches campaign targeting Jean-Claude Juncker". Politico. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  159. ^ "'Distracted boyfriend' in pro-family ad". 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  160. ^ Dallison, Paul (13 March 2019). "Hungary uses 'distracted boyfriend' meme couple in new campaign". Politico. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  161. ^ I. Erosion of Rule of Law, Human Rights Protections and Tolerance (2015). The Future of U.S-Hungary Relations. United States: U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 36.
  162. ^ "Hate speech in the Hungarian election campaign | DW | 13.12.2017". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  163. ^ Bocskor, Ákos (June 2018). "Anti-Immigration Discourses in Hungary during the 'Crisis' Year: The Orbán Government's 'National Consultation' Campaign of 2015". Sociology. 52 (3): 551–568. doi:10.1177/0038038518762081. S2CID 149914301.
  164. ^ Byrne, Andrew (3 October 2017). "Hungary steps up anti-Soros rhetoric with 'national consultation'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  165. ^ "Govʼt launches 'National Consultation' on families, blasts EU". Budapest Business Journal. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  166. ^ "Orbán's media puppetmaster". Politico. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  167. ^ "Közösség | Fidelitas". fidelitas.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  168. ^ Origo (30 July 2012). "Így építkezett Orbán felfedezettje - Rogán Antal pályájának titkos története I." www.origo.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  169. ^ Mariann, Krupincza (3 December 2022). "Tisztújító kongresszust tartott a Fidelitas – Farkas Dániel lett a szervezet új elnöke". Mandiner (in Hungarian). Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  170. ^ "Members". European Democrat Students. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  171. ^ "Members". IYDU. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  172. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20240301182135/https://www.idu.org/members/
  173. ^ "Hungary: Viktor Orban's ruling Fidesz party quits European People's Party". Deutsche Welle. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  174. ^ de la Baume, Maïa; Bayer, Lili (21 March 2019). "Hungary's Orbán clings on to Europe's power center". Politico. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  175. ^ "Orbán's Fidesz quits EPP group in European Parliament". Politico. 3 March 2021.
  176. ^ @KatalinNovakMP (3 March 2021). "Fidesz has decided to leave the EPP Group" (Tweet). Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via Twitter.
  177. ^ de la Baume, Maïa; Bayer, Lili (21 March 2019). "Hungary's Orbán clings on to Europe's power center". Politico. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  178. ^ Henley, Jon (3 March 2021). "Hungary's Fidesz party to leave European parliament centre-right group". The Guardian.
  179. ^ "Hungary: Viktor Orban's ruling Fidesz party quits European People's Party". Deutsche Welle. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  180. ^ Brzozowski, Alexandra; Makszimov, Vlagyiszlav (3 March 2021). "Orbán's Fidesz leaves EPP Group before being kicked out". Euractiv. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  181. ^ "Orbán, Le Pen, Salvini, Kaczyński join forces to impact on the future of EU". Euractiv. 2 July 2021.
  182. ^ "Orban, Le Pen, Salvini, Kaczynski join forces to impact on the future of EU". European Business Review. 6 July 2021.
  183. ^ "Marine Le Pen i Viktor Orban w Warszawie. Europejska prawica dyskutuje o przyszłości UE – EURACTIV.pl". 4 December 2021.
  184. ^ "European populist far-right parties meet in Warsaw". Deutsche Welle. 5 December 2022.
  185. ^ "Pan-European Delegation of National-Conservatives Gather in Madrid ━ the European Conservative". 28 January 2022.
  186. ^ "Far-right leaders agree on 'roadmap for sovereign and patriotic Europe'". 31 January 2022.
  187. ^ "Migranti: Id-Ecr-Fidesz firmano a Pe documento congiunto". Ansa. 24 November 2022.
  188. ^ Service, RFE/RL's Hungarian. "Orban, Allies Announce Right-Wing 'Patriots For Europe' Alliance". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  189. ^ "Portugal's Chega party to join Orbán's new far-right alliance". POLITICO. 1 July 2024.
  190. ^ "x.com". Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  191. ^ "x.com". Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  192. ^ "Orbán: Fidesz-FPÖ Strategic Cooperation Set to Continue". 17 September 2019.
  193. ^ "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán hopes that Austria will have a strong and stable government that rejects political Islam". Government. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  194. ^ "De ene nog extremer dan de andere: Vlaams Belang nodigt dubieuze figuren uit op Europese meeting". 22 June 2022.
  195. ^ "Hungary's Orban Champions Bosnian Serb Chief Ahead of Elections". Balkan Insight. 29 September 2022.
  196. ^ "Beyond nationalism and euroscepticism, Orban and Dodik's ambitions to restore the Empire". Lansing Institute. 31 March 2023.
  197. ^ "Trikolóra zahájila sněm mažoretkami, Klaus nemá vyzyvatele - Novinky.cz". www.novinky.cz. 28 September 2019.
  198. ^ "Václav Klaus: Europe Does Not Need Organized Migration". 26 February 2018.
  199. ^ "Hungary's Orban hits Czech campaign trail to back PM Babis". Reuters. 29 September 2021.
  200. ^ "Croatian election hinges on migration and the economy". Politico. 11 July 2015.
  201. ^ "FOTO Bartulica pozirao s Orbanom: 'Ne smijemo se predati u borbi protiv rodne ideologije i uništavanja obitelji'". Večernji list. 29 April 2024.
  202. ^ "Link between Italy's Salvini and Hungary's Orban downplayed". ABC News.
  203. ^ "Hungary's Orban praises Trump's 'end of multilateralism'". AP NEWS. 23 January 2017.
  204. ^ "France's far-right National Rally party reelects Le Pen as its leader". Euronews. 4 July 2021.
  205. ^ "Orban, Le Pen talk alliance in Budapest". Euractiv. 27 October 2021.
  206. ^ "Marine Le Pen and Eric Zemmour face off in rival rallies – POLITICO". 5 February 2022.
  207. ^ "PM Orbán to Meet French Journalist, Politician Éric Zemmour in Budapest - Hungary Today". 23 September 2021.
  208. ^ "Novák: Fidesz 'Ready to Fill House of European Conservatives with Life'". Hungary Today. 12 April 2021.
  209. ^ "Orban commiserates with 'fellow combatant' Salvini". 30 August 2019.
  210. ^ "Orban says Salvini is the most important politician in Europe". 2 May 2019.
  211. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (28 August 2018). "Matteo Salvini and Viktor Orbán to form anti-migration front". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  212. ^ "Meloni a Budapest da Orban: "Lui difende i confini"". La Repubblica. 28 February 2018.
  213. ^ "Lo sfogo di Meloni: il «metodo è sbagliato, no a un pacchetto di nomine preconfezionato». La tattica per far salire i Conservatori". Corriere Della Serra. 18 June 2024.
  214. ^ a b Kingsley, Patrick (29 December 2018). "Hungary Sheltered a Fugitive Prime Minister. Did It Help Him Escape?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  215. ^ "PM Orbán holds talks with North Macedonia leader and offers Fidesz help". 19 May 2023.
  216. ^ Bayer, Lili (8 March 2019). "Orbán: Hungary's Fidesz could consider alliance with Polish ruling party". Politico. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  217. ^ "Hungary's Orbán says Fidesz could quit EPP amid anti-Juncker row". The Guardian. Reuters. 8 March 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  218. ^ "How Poland And Hungary Are Forming A Powerful Tag Team Against Brussels". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  219. ^ "EU Votes on Hungary Censure Proposal as Allies Desert Orban". Bloomberg.com. 12 September 2018.
  220. ^ Chapman, Annabelle (6 January 2016). "Poland and Hungary's defiant friendship". Politico. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  221. ^ "Orban and Kaczynski vow 'cultural counter-revolution' to reform EU". Financial Times. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  222. ^ "Poland's new government finds a model in Orban's Hungary". Financial Times. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  223. ^ "The high cost of Orban's pro-Russia policy". Deutsche Welle. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  224. ^ "x.com". X (formerly Twitter).
  225. ^ Genovese, Vincenzo (3 July 2024). "Poland's Law and Justice says no to Orbán's Patriots and stays with Meloni's group in EU Parliament". Yahoo News.
  226. ^ "HOW ORBÁN ANGERED HIS CLOSEST POLISH ALLIES". VSquare. 15 May 2023.
  227. ^ "In Subotica, Serbia, PM Orbán and Serbian President Vučić Praise Bilateral Ties". Hungary Today. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  228. ^ "Illumination of Serbia, Hungarian Style". Balkan Insight. 26 June 2019.
  229. ^ "Viktor Orban's Authoritarian Media Control Is Spreading to Hungary's Neighbor, Report Warns". Newsweek. 5 June 2019.
  230. ^ "Szijjarto at Belgrade rally: Hungary, Serbia historic friends". Budapest Times. 26 May 2023.
  231. ^ "Tens of thousands gather in Serbia in Vucic's show of power". Reuters. 27 May 2023.
  232. ^ "Conservative Conference in Belgrade: CPAC's Little Brother". The European Conservative. 11 November 2023.
  233. ^ "PRIME MINISTER VIKTOR ORBÁN RECEIVED EUROPEAN ATTENDEES OF CPAC AT A WORKING LUNCH". Miniszterelnok. 5 May 2023.
  234. ^ Surk, Barbara (3 June 2018). "Slovenia Elections Tilt Another European Country to the Right". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  235. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (4 June 2018). "Safe in Hungary, Viktor Orban Pushes His Message Across Europe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  236. ^ "Orbán že neposredno financira SDS". Mladina.si. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  237. ^ "Madžarski denar za financiranje kampanje SDS?". zurnal24.si (in Croatian). Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  238. ^ "Janša na obisku pri Orbanu v Budimpešti, opravili tudi konferenčni klic s Trumpom". Dnevnik. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  239. ^ "Hungary's attempt to control Slovenian media". Mladina.si. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  240. ^ Trkanjec, Zeljko (20 March 2019). "EXCLUSIVE-Slovenian centre-right: Cancel Orbán vote or EPP is 'inevitably' split". euractiv.com. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  241. ^ "FICO-ORBAN MEETING IN BUDAPEST: COURTESY CALL OR 'BROMANCE'?". Balkan Insight. 15 January 2024.
  242. ^ "Former Slovak PM Instrumental to Security of the Region, Says Foreign Minister". 7 December 2022.
  243. ^ Silenská, Natália (12 July 2024). "Fico's Smer will not join new Patriots for Europe group, cites ideological divide". Euractiv.
  244. ^ "Ahead of 2020 elections, Pellegrini asked Hungarian PM to put him in contact with Moscow".
  245. ^ "Fura emberekkel pacsizott Szijjártó Szlovákiában, és az ezeknél is abszurdabb találkája zajlott kedden". Parameter. 6 December 2022.
  246. ^ "Hungarian minister met with the leader of the Hungarian-hater, far-right SNS in Slovakia". Daily News Hungary. 7 December 2022.
  247. ^ "Protimaďarské nálady sa z prostredia SNS úplne nevytratili, ale strana by už s Maďarmi radšej spolupracovala". Dennik N. 20 August 2024.
  248. ^ "Andrej Danko by chcel vytvárať slovenský Fidesz. S Ficom, Pellegrinim aj komunistami". Standard.sk. 14 February 2023.
  249. ^ "Valójában Orbán Viktor hívta meg Geert Wilderst ebédelni januárban – Zoom.hu". Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  250. ^ "Orbán Holds Talks with Head of Spain's Right-Wing VOX Party". Hungary Today. 27 May 2021.
  251. ^ ERR, BNS (5 August 2019). "Mart Helme lauds cooperation with Hungarian prime minister". ERR.
  252. ^ "André Ventura, Rising Star of European National Conservatism". 9 February 2023.
  253. ^ "Lithuanian far-right party receives 'thank you' letter from Hungary's Orbán". LRT (in Lithuanian). 15 July 2021.
  254. ^ "Tynkkynen jublar över att Orbáns Fidesz hålls utanför ECR-gruppen". Arbetarbladet. 21 June 2024.
  255. ^ "Sweden Democrats threaten to quit right-wing EU group if Orbán joins". 9 February 2024.
  256. ^ "SD håller dörren på glänt för Fidesz – men vill inte ha gemensam högergrupp i EU-parlamentet". 21 April 2024.
  257. ^ "Orbán closes to ECR after Romania's AUR ultra-nationalists join group in EU Parliament". eunews. 20 June 2024.
  258. ^ a b "Ergebnisse der Europawahlen in Ungarn". www.kas.de. 27 May 2019.
  259. ^ a b "Fidesz's Serbian Sister-Party to Campaign for Hungary's Orban". 8 April 2019.
  260. ^ "Miért a Fidesz és a KDNP". KMKSZ - Kárpátaljai Magyar Kulturális Szövetség. 11 March 2018.
  261. ^ Dmytro Borysov (10 September 2021). "Hungarian Minority Political Landscape and Hungarian Minority Media in Transcarpathia". International Republican Institute. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  262. ^ "Az Ukrajnai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség az alábbi levélben gratulált a választási győzelemhez a FIDESZ Magyar Polgári Szövetségnek". Ukrajnai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség.
  263. ^ Techet Péter (4 August 2019). "Először szavazatokat, most ingatlanokat vásárolnak a fideszes magyar szervezetnek Horvátországban". azonnali.hu. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  264. ^ Ádám, Kolozsi (24 April 2019). "Állandó téma az orbánizmus a szomszédban". index.hu.
  265. ^ [2][dead link]
  266. ^ "Weber zu Orbán: EVP ändert ihren Kurs nicht".
  267. ^ "Magyar Polgári Párt - Együttműködési megállapodás született a szolnoki FIDESZ és az MPP Maros megyei szervezete között". www.polgaripart.ro. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  268. ^ "Rumäniens Katalanen? Ungarische Separatisten wollen territoriale Autonomie von Rumänien". www.pesterlloyd.net.
  269. ^ "Orbán in Transylvania Calls for Support for RMDSZ". 9 May 2019.
  270. ^ "EP-Wahl: Orbán ermutigt in der Slowakei, MKP zu unterstützen".
  271. ^ "HMDK- Horvátországi Magyarok Demokratikus Közössége - DZMH". www.facebook.com.
  272. ^ "VMDP: A Fidesz-KDNP minél nagyobb győzelme a cél". pannonrtv.com.
  273. ^ "Parties & Partner". European People's Party. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  274. ^ "Hungarian PM: We share the same security concerns as Israel". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  275. ^ Zion, Ilan Ben (19 July 2018). "Netanyahu greets Hungary's Orban as 'true friend of Israel'". AP NEWS. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  276. ^ "Israel's Netanyahu criticized for wooing Hungary's far-right PM". The Independent. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  277. ^ "Anti-Semitism doesn't bother Benjamin Netanyahu if it comes from his political allies". The Washington Post.
  278. ^ "Israel backs Hungary, says financier Soros is a threat". Reuters. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  279. ^ Santora, Marc (7 April 2018). "Orban Campaigns on Fear, With Hungary's Democracy at Stake". The New York Times.
  280. ^ "With Hungary Cracking Down on Soros, Israeli Lawmaker Pushes His Own 'Soros Law'". Haaretz. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  281. ^ a b "EU's Populist Icon Orban Wins Trump's Attention in U.S. Reversal". Bloomberg. 22 May 2023.
  282. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (15 August 2018). "Hungary's Leader Was Shunned by Obama, but Has a Friend in Trump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  283. ^ "Trump loves a strongman, so of course he fawns over Hungary's Viktor Orban". The Washington Post.
  284. ^ "Hungary's Viktor Orban finds ally with 'black sheep' Donald Trump". Deutsche Welle. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  285. ^ "US lawmakers raise concerns about Trump administration's Hungary policy". Politico. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  286. ^ Horowitz, Jason (9 March 2018). "Steve Bannon Is Done Wrecking the American Establishment. Now He Wants to Destroy Europe's". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  287. ^ "Ex-Trump strategist Bannon says to work with Hungary PM Orban: media". Reuters. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  288. ^ "Steve Bannon plans to advise Hungary's far right PM Viktor Orban". The Independent. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  289. ^ Dallison, Paul (16 September 2018). "Steve Bannon praises Orbán and Salvini". Politico. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  290. ^ "Brazil probes Jair Bolsonaro's stay at Hungarian embassy". The Times of India. 27 March 2024.
  291. ^ "El guion de Kast y sus redes ultraderechistas en Hungría: Ataques a Boric y construcción de un muro para posicionarse como candidato presidencial". 3 May 2024.
  292. ^ "Cabal, en Europa con aliados de derecha, se reúne con autócrata húngaro". 25 April 2024.
  293. ^ "Un diputado libertario disertó en un foro en Hungría". 26 April 2024.
  294. ^ "India playing important role in resolving Russia-Ukraine conflict, says Hungarian MP Orban". ANI. 29 August 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fidesz.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidesz&oldid=1253896788"