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In this medieval name, the personal name is Jans and Enikel is an appellation or descriptor. There is no family name.
A page from a c. 1370 manuscript with Weltchronik lines 1637-1702. We see two miniatures showing Seth asking an angel for an apple from the tree of life, and Adam's burial at Calvary with the devil taking Adam's soul. There is also an illuminated letter N marking the beginning of the Noah story, with Noah's ark floating over a flooded city.[a]

Jans der Enikel (lit. 'Jans the grandson'), or Jans der Jansen Enikel (lit. 'Jans, the grandson of Jans'), was a Viennese chronicler and narrative poet of the late 13th century.[2] He wrote a Weltchronik (lit. 'world chronicle') and a Fürstenbuch (lit. 'Book of princes', a history of Vienna), both in Middle High German verse.

Name and biography

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Illustration of builders working on the Tower of Babel, with God speaking out of a cloud, from a c. 1397-98 manuscript of Jans' Weltchronik.[b]

In his own works, he identifies himself as Jans, the grandson of Jans: enikel is simply the Middle High German word for "grandson" (modern German: Enkel).[c][d] The exact form of the name varies, partly because of variant spellings in the manuscripts. The 19th-century editor, Philipp Strauch, called the chronicler Jansen Enikel, intending "Jansen" as a genitive referring to the grandfather,[4] but forms with a definite article (e.g. Jansen der Eninkel or Jansen der Enenkel) are also found in 19th-century scholarship.[5] From the mid-20th century, Jans Enikel became common, but this raised the danger of misconstruing "Enikel" as a surname: the second edition of the Verfasserlexikon, for example, erroneously listed him as "Enikel, Jans".[6] Since the name itself is simply Jans, and Enikel is an identifier comparable with "Jans junior", the chronicler should always be alphabetized under J, not E.[5] More recent scholarship has either returned to the definite article "Jans der Enikel", adopted a new suggestion "Jans von Wien" (lit. 'Jans of Vienna'), or simply used "Jans" with no extension at all.[5]

In the same passages in which he gives us his name, Jans claims to be a citizen of Vienna with full patrician rights.[7] Elsewhere he mentions that a Herrn Jansen sun, presumably his father, was honoured by the duke in 1239, and that as a child he had seen the army marching off to the Battle of the Leitha River, which means he could not have been born much after 1240.[4] From other sources we know that he was a member of one of the highest patrician families of Vienna, and his name appears in Viennese council records for the years 1271–1302.[8] In these records he appears as "Jans der Schreiber" (lit. '"Jans the scribe"'), so it is likely he was secretary to the city council (German: Stadtschreiber).[8] These sources suggest that his father was the city judge Konrad, and his mother belonged to the powerful Paltram family. There are also references to his son and son-in-law. We even know his address, in Wildwerkerstraße, modern Wipplingerstraße.[9] This makes him one of the best attested of all medieval German poets.[10]

Weltchronik

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Pope Joan illustration from a c. 1420 manuscript of Jans' Weltchronik.[e]

The Weltchronik tells the history of the world in around 30,000 lines of verse, starting even before the six-day creation by telling of Satan's rebellion, and relating the Biblical stories of the Old Testament,[12] then continuing with Alexander the Great[13] and other classical Greek and Roman material, and on down the list of emperors through Charles the Great[14] to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.[15]

Jans is known for the free-and-easy approach he takes to his material, altering details casually for their entertainment value and incorporating motifs from the most diverse sources, for which reason 19th century writers were extremely disparaging about him: Strauch, for example, wrote him off as a "Reimschmied" (lit. 'rhyme smith').[4] One interesting feature is the unusually large amount of Jewish material he borrows.[16] Jans is the first writer in the German language to recount the legend of Pope Joan.[17]

The style is anecdotal, with many fun tales inserted into what might otherwise be sober history. For example, the reign of Frederick II is interrupted to tell an entirely fictional story of a nobleman named Friedrich von Antfurt. This Friedrich subjects a duchess to what we today could only call sexual harassment, to the point where she thinks up a ruse to get rid of him. She promises to give him what he wants (the poet makes no bones about the fact that he only wants her lîp, her body) provided he takes part in a joust wearing her chemise (underdress) instead of his armour. She is of course counting on him being killed, but he survives, and there has to be a reckoning: when the duchess still refuses to submit to him, he vindictively exacts a humiliating revenge by forcing her to wear the torn and bloody chemise to church.[18]

Other scurrilous tales include a story of Noah's son visiting his wife's bedroom on the ark in violation of a strict prohibition;[19] of Noah discovering wine when his goat became drunk;[19] of how the Emperor Nero gave birth to a toad;[20] and of the enchantment that led Charles the Great to commit necrophilia.[21]

From the 14th century, the text of the Weltchronik was reused in compilation manuscripts, which have a very complicated history. The earliest are combinations with the Christherre-Chronik known as the Enikel-Christherre-Mischtext, which in turn was developed into the so-called Erweiterte Christherr-Chronik.[22] There are also compilation manuscripts that combine parts of Jans' Weltchronik with excerpts from Rudolf von Ems and Heinrich von München.[22] In all, some 50 manuscripts contain text of Jans' Weltchronik, either "pure text" or compilations. Fragments are still occasionally being discovered.[23]

The earliest manuscripts of the Weltchronik were copiously illustrated with coloured miniatures, and the original cycle of miniatures was so well integrated with the text that it was clearly part of the author's programme.[24] Many of Jans' miniatures were also taken into the compilations. However, from the 15th century the manuscripts are gradually less well laid out, and the illustrations are no longer copied.

Fürstenbuch

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The Fürstenbuch (transl. Book of princes) is the earliest known history of the City of Vienna, and indeed it is probably the first town chronicle in the German language.[25] It is shorter than the Weltchronik and has received far less scholarly attention, but it is an important historical source for the development of patrician society.[26]

For English-speaking readers, the Fürstenbuch is interesting for giving an Austrian perspective on the imprisonment of Richard Lionheart in Austria in 1193. Jans tells how Richard, travelling incognito, seeks shelter in Duke Leopold's kitchen, where he is put to work turning a goose on a spit over a fire. When he is recognized and captured, he is mocked as an edele[r] brâtaer, a "noble goose-roaster".[27]

The account of the Austrian Duke Frederick II, the Quarrelsome contains a fictitious account of his conflict with the emperor at the Diet of Verona (1245), which nevertheless is understood as presenting a pro-Austrian slant on political reality. When the emperor invites the duke to dinner, the duke declines, claiming he has enough money to buy his own dinner. The Emperor responds by forbidding any citizen to sell him firewood for his kitchen, but the Duke outwits him by burning walnuts.[28]

Critical text and translations

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  • Critical edition: Philipp Strauch (ed.), Jansen Enikels Werke (MGH, Scriptores 8: Deutsche Chroniken und andere Geschichtsbücher des Mittelalters, Vol. 3), Hanover & Leipzig 1891–1900, OCLC 719031710; Reprint Munich 1980 (in German)
  • Excerpts with English translations: Graeme Dunphy (ed.), History as Literature: German World Chronicles of the Thirteenth Century in Verse. Kalamazoo 2003.
  • English translation of the Virgil section: Jan M. Ziolkowski and Michael C. J. Putnam, The Virgilian Tradition: The First Fifteen Hundred Years, 2008, 928–930
  • Text and bibliography on dunphy.de (in German)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Munich, Bavarian State Library, Cgm 5, folio 19r. This vellum manuscript contains the Christherre-Chronik interspersed with short sections of Jans' Weltchronik. It has 223 folios with 331 miniatures.[1]
  2. ^ Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2921, folio 38r. This paper manuscript contains Jans' Weltchronik but with the preface from Heinrich von München, and has 243 miniatures.[3]
  3. ^
  4. ^
  5. ^ Heidelberg, University Library, CPG 336, folio 203r. This paper manuscript contains about 20,000 lines of Jans' Weltchronik supplemented with excerpts from Heinrich von München, and has 176 miniatures.[11]

References

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  1. ^ Günther 1993, p. 209-218.
  2. ^ Geith 1980; Dunphy 2010.
  3. ^ Günther 1993, p. 367-373.
  4. ^ a b c Strauch 1900.
  5. ^ a b c Dunphy 2003.
  6. ^ Geith 1977.
  7. ^ Brunner 1950.
  8. ^ a b Perger 1967–1969.
  9. ^ Perger 1967–1969, p. 102.
  10. ^ Dunphy 1998, p. 18-22.
  11. ^ Günther 1993, p. 170-175.
  12. ^ Dunphy 1998; Viehhauser 2003.
  13. ^ Ross 1971.
  14. ^ Geith 1977; Hafner 2002.
  15. ^ Liebertz-Grün 1984; Dunphy 1994.
  16. ^ Przybilski 2004.
  17. ^ Boureau 1993, p. 116–117.
  18. ^ Dunphy 1999.
  19. ^ a b Utley 1941.
  20. ^ Zapperi 1979.
  21. ^ Hafner 2002.
  22. ^ a b Plate 2005.
  23. ^ Becker 2011.
  24. ^ Roland 1991; Günther 1993; Rowe 2020.
  25. ^ Dunphy 2010.
  26. ^ Brunner 1950; Liebertz-Grün 1980.
  27. ^ Morgan 1965.
  28. ^ Dobozy 2002, p. 388.

Sources

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  • Becker, Stefan (15 January 2011). "Die Weltchronik aus der Wirtsstube" [The world chronicle from the pub]. Mittelbayerische Zeitung (in German).
  • Boureau, Alain (1993). The Myth of Pope Joan. Chicago University Press.
  • Brunner, Otto (1950). "Das Wiener Bürgertum in Jans Enikels Fürstenbuch" [Vienna's citizenry in Jans Enikel's Book of Princes]. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung (in German). 58: 550–574. doi:10.7767/miog.1950.58.jg.550. S2CID 163304933.
  • Dobozy, Maria (2002). "Vernacular Chronicles". In Gentry, Francis (ed.). A Companion to Middle High German Literature to the 14th Century. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill. pp. 379–395. ISBN 978-9004120945.
  • Dunphy, Graeme (1994). "Images of the Emperor Frederick II in the Universal Chronicle of Jansen Enikel". Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 40: 139–158. doi:10.1163/18756719-040-01-90000011.
  • Dunphy, Graeme (1998). Daz was ein michel wunder: The Presentation of Old Testament Material in Jans Enikel's Weltchronik. Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik. Göppingen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Dunphy, Graeme (1999). "Der Ritter mit dem Hemd: Drei Fassungen einer mittelalterlichen Erzählung" [The knight with the chemise: Three versions of a medieval tale]. Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift (in German). 19: 1–18.
  • Dunphy, Graeme (2003). "Jans der Enkel oder Jans von Wien?". Perspicuitas (in German).
  • Dunphy, Graeme (2010). "Jans der Enikel". In Dunphy, Graeme (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. p. 905. ISBN 978-90-04-18464-0.
  • Geith, Karl-Ernst (1977). Carolus Magnus: Studien zur Darstellung Karls des Großen in der deutschen Literatur des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts [Carolus Magnus: Studies about the depiction of Charlemagne in German literature of the 12th and 13th centuries] (in German). München.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Geith, Karl-Ernst (1980). "Enikel, Jans". Verfasserlexikon. Vol. II. cols. 565–569.
  • Günther, Jörn-Uwe (1993). Die illustrierten mittelhochdeutschen Weltchronikhandschriften in Versen: Katalog der Handschriften und Einordnung der Illustrationen in die Bildüberlieferung [The illustrated Middle High German world chronicle manuscripts in verse: Catalogue of manuscripts and classification of the illustrations in consideration of the historical dissemination of images] (in German). München.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hafner, Susanne (2002). "Charlemagne's Unspeakable Sin". Modern Language Studies. 32 (2): 1–14. doi:10.2307/3252039. JSTOR 3252039.
  • Liebertz-Grün, Ursula (1980). "Bürger, Fürsten, Dienstherren, Ritter und Frauen. Gesellschaftsdarstellung und Geschichtsbild in Jans Enikels 'Fürstenbuch'" [Citizens, princes, employers, knights and ladies. Depiction of society and understanding of history in Jans Enikel's Book of Princes]. Euphorion (in German). 74: 77–94.
  • Liebertz-Grün, Ursula (1984). Das andere Mittelalter: Erzählte Geschichtserkenntnis um 1300. Studien zu Ottokar von Steiermark, Jans Enikel, Seifried Helbling [The other middle ages: Narrated historical insights from around 1300. Studies about Ottokar von Steiermark, Jans Enikel, Seifried Helbling] (in German). München.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Morgan, Estelle (1965). "Two notes on the Fürstenbuch". Modern Language Review. 60 (3): 395–399. doi:10.2307/3720679. JSTOR 3720679.
  • Perger, Richard (1967–1969). "Die Grundherren im mittelalterlichen Wien: III. Teil. Bürgerliche und adelige Grundherrschaften" [The landlords of medieval Vienna – Part III: Civic and feudal manorialism]. Jahrbuch des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Wien (in German). 23/25: 7–102.
  • Plate, Ralf (2005). Die Überlieferung der "Christherre-Chronik" [The transmission history of the "Christherre-Chronik"] (in German). Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 3-89500-030-2.
  • Przybilski, Martin (2004). "di juden jehent: Die Aufnahme jüdischer Erzählstoffe in der 'Weltchronik' des Jans von Wien" [The Jews say...: Inclusion of Jewish tales into Jans of Vienna's 'Weltchronik']. Ashkenas: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden (in German). 14: 83–99.
  • Rowe, Nina (2020). The Illuminated World Chronicle: Tales from the Late Medieval City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300247046.
  • Roland, Martin (1991). Illustrierte Weltchroniken bis in die zweite Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts [Illustrated world chronicles until the second half of the 14th century] (Thesis) (in German). Wien.
  • Ross, D.J.A. (1971). Illustrated Medieval Alexander-Books in Germany and the Netherlands. Publications of the Modern Humanities research Association. Vol. 3. Cambridge.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Strauch, Philipp (1900). Jansen Enikels Werke (in German). Hanover & Leipzig: Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
  • Viehhauser, Gabriel (2003). Die Darstellung König Salomos in der mittelhochdeutschen Weltchronistik [The depiction of King Solomon in Middle High German world chronicles] (in German). Vienna: Edition Praesens.
  • Utley, Francis Lee (1941). "Noah's Ham and Jansen Enikel". Germanic Review. 16 (4): 241–249. doi:10.1080/19306962.1941.11786051.
  • Zapperi, Roberto (1979). L'uomo incinto [The pregnant man] (in Italian). Rome. OCLC 7731614.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


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